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Date: Tue, 1 Apr 2025 11:23:27 +0200 (CEST)
From: Lucas Aubard <lucas.aubard@irisa.fr>
To: Anil Madhavapeddy <avsm2@cl.cam.ac.uk>
Cc: mirageos-devel <mirageos-devel@lists.xenproject.org>, 
	Johan Mazel <Johan.Mazel@ssi.gouv.fr>, 
	gilles guette <gilles.guette@imt-atlantique.fr>, 
	Pierre Chifflier <Pierre.Chifflier@ssi.gouv.fr>
Message-ID: <1693600326.2775910.1743499407826.JavaMail.zimbra@irisa.fr>
In-Reply-To: <FBBD9F8B-B90D-4F2B-9C3A-AFF55F088925@cl.cam.ac.uk>
References: <530642224.595613.1743087821949.JavaMail.zimbra@irisa.fr> <FBBD9F8B-B90D-4F2B-9C3A-AFF55F088925@cl.cam.ac.uk>
Subject: Re: Failed TCP connection reset when processing overlapping data
 segments
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Thread-Topic: Failed TCP connection reset when processing overlapping data segments
Thread-Index: ayD97GbInWiINFK+fxGQsDhf1nLaAg==

Dear Anil,=20

Thanks for the quick answer!

The weird behaviour we were refering to is that mirage does not accept the =
initiator's TCP connection RST termination when encoutering overlapping dat=
a segments (if the initiator previously sent more data than acknowledged by=
 mirage). However, it cannot really be qualified as "weird", since it is ex=
pected that the initiator's SND.NXT be different with mirage's RCV.NXT (bec=
ause of mirage overlapping segments' drop), and thus, that the termination =
fails.=20

We suppose that the "most conservative option" you mention thus refers to "=
dropping overlapping data segments". Is that correct?=20

Here is what the latest TCP RFC (9293) says about overlapping TCP data segm=
ents:
- in part 4 "Glossary" (https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9293#secti=
on-4), part of the "receive window" definition states that "the local TCP e=
ndpoint considers that segments overlapping the range RCV.NXT to RCV.NXT + =
RCV.WND - 1 carry acceptable data or control. Segments containing sequence =
numbers entirely outside this range are considered duplicates or injection =
attacks and discarded.".=20
- in part 3.10 "Event processing" (https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rf=
c9293#section-3.10-9), there is a TCP implementation example. It is said ab=
out overlapping segments that "When a segment overlaps other already receiv=
ed segments, we reconstruct the segment to contain just the new data and ad=
just the header fields to be consistent".

Consequently, even if the specification is not really crystal clear about t=
he behaviour implementations must adopt, we believe that accepting overlapp=
ing data segments is the most RFC-compliant behaviour.=20
For what it's worth, we tested different OS families (e.g., Linux, Windows,=
 BSD) with the same TCP overlapping test cases as mirage. All of them reass=
emble overlapping data segments.=20

Best regards,=20
Lucas Aubard.


----- Mail original -----
> De: "Anil Madhavapeddy" <avsm2@cl.cam.ac.uk>
> =C3=80: "Lucas Aubard" <lucas.aubard@irisa.fr>
> Cc: "mirageos-devel" <mirageos-devel@lists.xenproject.org>, "Johan Mazel"=
 <Johan.Mazel@ssi.gouv.fr>, "gilles guette"
> <gilles.guette@imt-atlantique.fr>, "Pierre Chifflier" <Pierre.Chifflier@s=
si.gouv.fr>
> Envoy=C3=A9: Lundi 31 Mars 2025 18:37:20
> Objet: Re: Failed TCP connection reset when processing overlapping data s=
egments

> Dear Lucas,
>=20
> You've really taken me down memory lane now; I wrote this part of the sta=
ck
> about 15 years ago! If I remember correctly, TCP's behaviour is undefined=
 when
> there are multiple overlapping segments, and so the implementation can de=
fine
> its own behaviour here.
>=20
> I remember referring to Section 4.3.2 of the classic paper by Ptacek on t=
his.
> https://insecure.org/stf/secnet_ids/secnet_ids.html
> This defines all the different OS behaviours for overlapping segments, an=
d
> they're all different.
>=20
> So from a high level perspective, I remember picking the most conservativ=
e
> option, but I don't remember all the details without diving into git (act=
ually,
> svn) history. What behaviour are you expecting to happen below? Is the "w=
eird"
> behaviour you are seeing simply a deviance from Linux TCP/IP reassembly
> semantics, or is there some reassembly property not being maintained that=
 you
> would expect to be?
>=20
> best,
> Anil
>=20
>=20
>> On 27 Mar 2025, at 15:03, Lucas Aubard <lucas.aubard@irisa.fr> wrote:
>>=20
>> Dear mirage-tcpip development team,
>>=20
>> I am Lucas Aubard. I am a PhD student in an Inria lab in Rennes, France.
>> This PhD is supervised by Gilles Guette (IMT Atlantique), Pierre Chiffli=
er
>> (ANSSI) and Johan Mazel (ANSSI).
>>=20
>> During our research work, we analyzed mirage-tcpip 9.0.0 reassembly when
>> processing overlapping TCP data segments. We noticed something weird for=
 some
>> of our test cases.
>>=20
>> The testing scenario for every test case is as follow:
>>     =E2=80=A2 a handshake is initiated from 192.168.56.200 host to 192.1=
68.57.203
>>     mirage-tcpip host, targetting its TCP Echo port 7.
>>     =E2=80=A2 the overlapping data chunks are sent from the initiator.
>>     =E2=80=A2 the initiator resets the TCP connection with a RST+ACK pac=
ket.
>> Every packet that mirage-tcpip host echoes back is acknowledged by the
>> initiator.
>>=20
>> In the impacted test cases, mirage-tcpip echoes some data but not the ma=
ximum
>> possible amount of data. In fact, from what we observe across mirage tes=
t case
>> reassemblies, it does not echo back overlapping data segments. This may =
be
>> related to this part of mirage-tcpip code
>> https://github.com/mirage/mirage-tcpip/blob/6766a3f0b34695e19797a1264697=
d3dd1343c73e/src/tcp/segment.ml#L151.
>> The following termination of the TCP connections with a RST+ACK packet f=
ails.
>> We believe that mirage-tcpip considers that the RST+ACK packet sequence =
number
>> is invalid because it is located after all sent data (including the over=
lapping
>> segments). Since mirage-tcpip does not echo the maximum possible amount =
of
>> data, we hypothesize that the initiator SND.NXT internal variable is not=
 the
>> same as the RCV.NXT value in mirage-tcpip.
>>=20
>> Attached are the pcap files and plots for some (random) overlap test cas=
es
>> illustrating the problem.
>> You can see in the pcap files that mirage-tcpip sends an ACK after the R=
ST+ACK
>> packets whose acknowledgment is not related to the last data sent by the
>> initiator.
>> This means that mirage does not consider the sequence number of the RST+=
ACK
>> packet as valid, ignores this RST+ACK packet, and does not close the TCP
>> connection. Mirage here expects data that follows the last valid data it
>> observed.
>>=20
>> Can you confirm that our understanding of the mirage-tcpip TCP stack beh=
avior is
>> correct, in particular in term of data overlap and sequence number proce=
ssing?
>>=20
>> Best regards,
> > Lucas Aubard.<pcaps.zip><plots.zip>


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X-MS-Exchange-CrossTenant-AuthSource: CWLP265MB4157.GBRP265.PROD.OUTLOOK.COM
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Hi everyone,=0A=
=0A=
I was wondering if anything changed since last time i asked around a few ye=
ars ago, but does anyone know a hosting service that would take mirage imag=
es? hvt is probably best and xen might be fine too, but anecdotally the vir=
tio backend seems too unreliable from my use with the Google Compute Engine=
 (i'd also like to get away from services under US jurisdiction so that wor=
ks out).=0A=
=0A=
In my research i came across Unikraft Cloud and i wish there was a similar =
service for MirageOS where you would just `mirage deploy` to send/update th=
e image to a host, but i'd be totally fine to just have a web interface to =
upload an image too.=0A=
=0A=
Does anyone know a service like that?=0A=
=0A=
Cheers,=0A=
Kate=


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Dear Kate,


thanks for reaching out.

On 11/04/2025 01:45, Kate Deplaix wrote:
> I was wondering if anything changed since last time i asked around a few years ago, but does anyone know a hosting service that would take mirage images? hvt is probably best and xen might be fine too, but anecdotally the virtio backend seems too unreliable from my use with the Google Compute Engine (i'd also like to get away from services under US jurisdiction so that works out).
> 
> In my research i came across Unikraft Cloud and i wish there was a similar service for MirageOS where you would just `mirage deploy` to send/update the image to a host, but i'd be totally fine to just have a web interface to upload an image too.
> 
> Does anyone know a service like that?

We're working on such a service - mollymawk based on albatross (so you 
have a command-line interface, a web UI and a REST API). We'd be happy 
to give you access and allow you to run one or two unikernels on our 
machine (hosted in Germany). Please reach out to team@robur.coop to get 
started.


Best,

Hannes



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Cc: Johan Mazel <Johan.Mazel@ssi.gouv.fr>,
 gilles guette <gilles.guette@imt-atlantique.fr>,
 Pierre Chifflier <Pierre.Chifflier@ssi.gouv.fr>,
 Lucas Aubard <lucas.aubard@irisa.fr>
In-Reply-To: <530642224.595613.1743087821949.JavaMail.zimbra@irisa.fr>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8; format=flowed
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Dear Lucas,

On 27/03/2025 16:03, Lucas Aubard wrote:
> I am Lucas Aubard. I am a PhD student in an Inria lab in Rennes, France.
> This PhD is supervised by Gilles Guette (IMT Atlantique), Pierre Chifflier (ANSSI) and Johan Mazel (ANSSI).
> 
> During our research work, we analyzed mirage-tcpip 9.0.0 reassembly when processing overlapping TCP data segments. We noticed something weird for some of our test cases.

This is excellent work. Since some time we are working on an independent 
implementation (https://github.com/robur-coop/utcp) -- it seems you have 
a nice test suite/system setup to detect interesting behaviour.

It is based (manually translated to OCaml) on the formal specification 
in HOL4 (http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~pes20/Netsem/paper3.pdf / 
https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~pes20/Netsem/).

Would you mind to use your tests against the utcp stack as well? If you 
need a hand on how to get this up and running into an existing 
unikernel, please don't hesitate to reach out -- we use it in several 
deployments for testing.


For the specific issue, processing overlapping data segments -- the utcp 
behaviour is that the older segment data is preserved, and the newer 
segment data is filled where needed (i.e. where there's not yet any 
data). Does this make sense, or should it be the other way around that 
more recent received bytes are preferred?



Best,

Hannes


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Date: Wed, 16 Apr 2025 09:28:25 +0200 (CEST)
From: Lucas Aubard <lucas.aubard@irisa.fr>
To: Hannes Mehnert <hannes@mehnert.org>
Cc: mirageos-devel <mirageos-devel@lists.xenproject.org>, 
	Johan Mazel <Johan.Mazel@ssi.gouv.fr>, 
	gilles guette <gilles.guette@imt-atlantique.fr>, 
	Pierre Chifflier <Pierre.Chifflier@ssi.gouv.fr>
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Subject: Re: Failed TCP connection reset when processing overlapping data
 segments
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Thread-Topic: Failed TCP connection reset when processing overlapping data segments
Thread-Index: WE+x2I/TQsPbtAbUaGrZhJjK1KaXDA==

Dear Hannes,=20

Thank you for your interest in the testing platform!=20

I am submitting some work in the next few days, but I'd be happy to test ut=
cp afterward. =20
I'll certainly need a hand to test it; I get back to you as soon as possibl=
e.  =20

The behavior you describe for processing overlapping data segments makes se=
nse to me.=20

Best regards,
Lucas=20

----- Mail original -----
> De: "Hannes Mehnert" <hannes@mehnert.org>
> =C0: "mirageos-devel" <mirageos-devel@lists.xenproject.org>
> Cc: "Johan Mazel" <Johan.Mazel@ssi.gouv.fr>, "gilles guette" <gilles.guet=
te@imt-atlantique.fr>, "Pierre Chifflier"
> <Pierre.Chifflier@ssi.gouv.fr>, "Lucas Aubard" <lucas.aubard@irisa.fr>
> Envoy=E9: Vendredi 11 Avril 2025 12:42:51
> Objet: Re: Failed TCP connection reset when processing overlapping data s=
egments

> Dear Lucas,
>=20
> On 27/03/2025 16:03, Lucas Aubard wrote:
>> I am Lucas Aubard. I am a PhD student in an Inria lab in Rennes, France.
>> This PhD is supervised by Gilles Guette (IMT Atlantique), Pierre Chiffli=
er
>> (ANSSI) and Johan Mazel (ANSSI).
>>=20
>> During our research work, we analyzed mirage-tcpip 9.0.0 reassembly when
>> processing overlapping TCP data segments. We noticed something weird for=
 some
>> of our test cases.
>=20
> This is excellent work. Since some time we are working on an independent
> implementation (https://github.com/robur-coop/utcp) -- it seems you have
> a nice test suite/system setup to detect interesting behaviour.
>=20
> It is based (manually translated to OCaml) on the formal specification
> in HOL4 (http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~pes20/Netsem/paper3.pdf /
> https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~pes20/Netsem/).
>=20
> Would you mind to use your tests against the utcp stack as well? If you
> need a hand on how to get this up and running into an existing
> unikernel, please don't hesitate to reach out -- we use it in several
> deployments for testing.
>=20
>=20
> For the specific issue, processing overlapping data segments -- the utcp
> behaviour is that the older segment data is preserved, and the newer
> segment data is filled where needed (i.e. where there's not yet any
> data). Does this make sense, or should it be the other way around that
> more recent received bytes are preferred?
>=20
>=20
>=20
> Best,
>=20
> Hannes


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Subject: Re: Failed TCP connection reset when processing overlapping data
 segments
From: Anil Madhavapeddy <avsm2@cl.cam.ac.uk>
In-Reply-To: <1455111118.10665780.1744788505794.JavaMail.zimbra@irisa.fr>
Date: Wed, 16 Apr 2025 14:20:05 +0100
Cc: Hannes Mehnert <hannes@mehnert.org>,
 mirageos-devel <mirageos-devel@lists.xenproject.org>,
 Johan Mazel <Johan.Mazel@ssi.gouv.fr>,
 gilles guette <gilles.guette@imt-atlantique.fr>,
 Pierre Chifflier <Pierre.Chifflier@ssi.gouv.fr>
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References: <530642224.595613.1743087821949.JavaMail.zimbra@irisa.fr>
 <5ba1b75e-1359-4b9b-88c7-2ce885e0c105@mehnert.org>
 <1455111118.10665780.1744788505794.JavaMail.zimbra@irisa.fr>
To: Lucas Aubard <lucas.aubard@irisa.fr>
X-Mailer: Apple Mail (2.3826.500.181.1.5)

> On Apr 16, 2025, at 8:28=E2=80=AFAM, Lucas Aubard =
<lucas.aubard@irisa.fr> wrote:
>=20
> The behavior you describe for processing overlapping data segments =
makes sense to me.

I must admit I'm still in the dark as to why this makes more sense today =
to do this than in 2013, when we dropped that data in preference for an =
unambiguous retransmission in case the stack was under attack. What's =
changed such that we can now accept overlapping TCP segments for the =
same data?

There are a few reasons I can think of that may explain it (but I =
haven't checked):
- perhaps datacenter Linux wants to avoid retransmissions at all costs
- perhaps the security model has been revved somehow to delegate this to =
the higher levels of the stack (DTLS)
- or perhaps out of order transmissions are more common (multipath?) so =
we now need to deal with it.

I'm not really sure which of these are true or not, but without =
determining this, it seems unwise to depend on other stacks' behavior =
here.

best,
Anil




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Subject: next meeting: Monday March 28th 10:00 - 12:00 CEST
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Hi everyone,

let's restart the bi-weekly community meetings to synchronize.

The next proposed meeting is the upcoming Monday, March 28th 10:00 - 
12:00 CEST at https://meet.jit.si/MirageOS -- see our shared pad at 
https://pad.data.coop/To6IOSeNSOK9kFVlgo7XWw?both# for notes and agenda 
(add your talking points there) :)

Best,

Hannes


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(sorry about the last mail with a wrong month, I retry here)

Hi everyone,

let's restart the bi-weekly community meetings to synchronize.

The next proposed meeting is the upcoming Monday, April 28th 10:00 - 
12:00 CEST at https://meet.jit.si/MirageOS -- see our shared pad at 
https://pad.data.coop/To6IOSeNSOK9kFVlgo7XWw?both# for notes and agenda 
(add your talking points there) :)

Best,

Hannes


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Hello again,

our next meeting is on May 19th (in 2.5 weeks) -- live from the retreat 
(let's see how that goes). We'll be at https://meet.jit.si/MirageOS -- 
see our shared pad at https://pad.data.coop/To6IOSeNSOK9kFVlgo7XWw?both# 
for notes and agenda (add your talking points there) :)

Here are the notes from our meeting last Monday.

Have an awesome day,

Hannes

## Meeting April 28th 10:00 - 12:00 CEST
- Participants: Fabrice, Pierre, Reynir, Hannes, Sam, Romain

### Defunctorization work
Hannes worked on defunctorizing Mirage. It seems to work well and no 
complaints.
Hannes: should we defunctorize the network stack next and the block devices?
Pierre: is very happy with the current state of defunctorization. For 
the network stack, at least for Xen it will be tricky since we need two 
network interfaces -- for backend and frontend.
Romain: Did an experiment about MirageOS and miou-solo5, and has a TCP 
stack without functors -- still an experimental project
Reynir: If I understand, it goes a bit further with no functor at all
Romain: https://git.robur.coop/dinosaure/experiment-miou-solo5
Romain: and a little article here: 
https://blog.robur.coop/articles/utcp_and_effects.html

### Unikraft
Sam: the work on unikraft is close to be published
Sam: performance for network is pretty good, for the block device the 
situation is less clear
Fabrice: block solo5 outperforms the unikraft
Hannes: from their website (unikraft), they claim much higher 
performance than solo5
Fabrice: network is fine, it is a little faster
Sam: one of the next steps is to have a real benchmark with network
Romain: do you know the performance issues with block devices and unikraft?
Fabrice: it uses virtio device, quite different from the network one. 
performs badly if you do small sector (one sector at one time) 
operations -- much better if you operate on multiple sectors
Fabrice: you can as well have multiple operations in flight with 
unikraft - which helps to shadow the single sector bad performance
Romain: did some performance benchmarks in terms of mirage-tcpip and 
utcp, and there's a large gap in the benchmarks (using iperf3, we're 
near 1Gb/s with mirage-tcpip -- and with utcp 900 Mb/s)
Fabrice: our network test served one file
Romain: we have a really old unikernel which is compatible with iperf2, 
but the experiment above has iperf3 support
Romain: mirage-tcpip is 1Gbits/s and utcp is 900 Gbits/s on our 
experimentation. The main question is about scheduling now (where miou 
differs from what lwt does)
Sam: for getting it released, we populate the different repositories 
under the mirage organization, and open PRs for the repositories where 
we have unikraft patches

### utcp https://github.com/robur-coop/utcp
Hannes: TCP/IP stack based on a formal model (HOL4, SML; manually 
translated SML to OCaml - Recently we found a mistranslation caused by a 
missing set of parenthesis).
Hannes: mirage-tcpip: it works very well, but as discussed on the 
mailing list it has obscure semantics in certain cases. It is deeply in 
the LWT monad and has memory leaks.
Hannes: Utcp has a pure, functional core with unit tests. Recently 
worked on performance with Romain. µtcp still lacks congestion control 
and newer features of TCP such as selective acknowledgement (which 
mirage-tcpip also doesn't implement). µtcp started off several years 
ago. We (in Robur) run it in production machines, and we have mostly 
worked on correctness and resource usage, and we still have correctness 
issues (failed assertions) and resource usage issues. Performance wise 
µtcp tries to stick to congression control and window sizes while 
mirage-tcpip doesn't try to adhere to a specific congression control 
algorithm or bound the memory usage. The gained interest of µtcp is also 
due to it not being tied to lwt and thus allows for other schedulers.
Hannes: utcp is meant to replace only mirage-tcpip's src/tcp (ocamlfind 
tcpip.tcp)
Romain: for the miou TCP/IP stack, we worked on a new IP stack (which is 
different from mirage-tcpip's one)

### Mirage CI
Hannes: OCaml 5.4 support in ocaml-solo5 (ocaml-unikraft)? -- two 
different repositories but shared patches, also 5.4 has most patches 
upstream \o/ -- https://github.com/ocaml/ocaml/pull/13810 (maybe we can 
ask Antonin, Gabriel, Florian at the retreat whether that can make it to 
5.4)
Hannes: OCaml 5.3 is not yet tested in the Mirage CI
Hannes: there's a PR from Tim about fixing the OCaml 5.2.1 support 
https://github.com/ocurrent/mirage-ci/pull/51

### Remove bigarray from Cstruct
Pierre: experimented with branches from Hannes that use cstruct where 
the buffer is Bytes.t
Pierre: updated io-page to not rely on cstruct, but use bigarray directly
Pierre: this currently works with QubesOS, a hello world runs nicely
Pierre: ran into issues when running the network stack, mirage-tcpip is 
tightly coupled with cstruct and relies on the fact that cstruct is 
based on bigarray (esp. C stubs)
Pierre: may use utcp to check whether that'll be good enough / work
Pierre: need a careful review of the io-page API, since all its 
dependencies need updates
Hannes: the only C code is the checksum code, no? in utcp we have pure 
OCaml checksum code, and we could use that in mirage-tcpip (we use some 
trick about bigarray to outperform the computation)

### Ownership of buffers on the IP level
Romain: another experiment with the IP stack, with mirage-tcpip you have 
cstruct everywhere -- difficult to change to something else. with 
cstruct you want to not copy when you have a fragmented packet -- with 
bigarray and cstruct you can have a subview (without copying). the idea 
is to have a bigarray directly when you have a defragmented packet, and 
if it is fragmented you get a copy of the bigarrays
Romain: with mirage-tcpip you have the question about ownership and 
fragmented/defragmented: do you have the ownership or not?
Romain: My intuition is at the IP level, we should have a variant 
between a bigarray (defragmented) and a string (fragmented) -- if you 
have a bigarray you should care about the ownership
Hannes: in practise, 99.9999% of IP packets are not fragmented

### Checksum code - performance investigations
Hannes: maybe we should measure the utcp checksum code (OCaml code) and 
mirage-tcpip checksum code (C code)
Romain: it is tricky due to memory layout, and also you've to take care 
that OCaml 5 C-FFI is different (and introduces a memory barrier), so 
check what your environment is before doing the benchmark (CPU cache)
Hannes: maybe the checksum code could then be in a separate, independent 
package used by both utcp and mirage-tcpip
Hannes: question about the performance focus: arm? x86? 64 bits only? 
also 32 bits?

### tcpip handling of RST
Pierre: curious whether there was more communication about uTCP
Hannes: there wasn't
Pierre: I'll try reach out to them, one of the advisors is in my 
reasearch group


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Date: Tue, 29 Apr 2025 18:53:52 +0100
MIME-Version: 1.0
Subject: Re: next meeting: Monday May 19th 10:00 - 12:00 CEST
To: Hannes Mehnert <hannes@mehnert.org>, mirageos-devel@lists.xenproject.org
References: <5da4c9e7-5753-46d2-ba32-f1d88f4ea87d@mehnert.org>
 <45c98f33-830a-47fa-95bb-9e1653922fef@mehnert.org>
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From: Kate <kit-ty-kate@exn.st>
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Hi,

On 4/29/25 11:45, Hannes Mehnert wrote:
 > Hannes: question about the performance focus: arm? x86? 64 bits only?
 > also 32 bits?

just FYI about 32bit, i think it's unlikely you'll want to take time to 
optimize for 32bit platforms given the current OCaml release schedule:

https://github.com/ocaml/ocaml/blob/trunk/release-info/introduction.md#exceptional-lts-versions

4.14 should cease to be LTS next year and it's unlikely that 5.x will 
bring back 32bit native code support. It's still supported using the 
bytecode compiler but trying to optimize for that seems ambitious.

Also as you're moving from bigarray to bytes across various codebases, 
you're bound to get in trouble on 32bit platforms at some point where 
the size limit for strings is only 16MB (compared to 144PB on 64bit).

I'm not entirely sure what the discussion was precisely about so 
disregard my two comments if they're completely off the mark.

Cheers,
Kate


