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Re: [Minios-devel] [UNIKRAFT PATCH v2 07/23] lib/vfscore: remove obvious c++isms and irrelevant code



Hello Yuri,

This patch seems fine.


Reviewed-by: Sharan Santhanam <sharan.santhanam@xxxxxxxxx>

On the sidenote, there are some C++ism still in the code which are fixed as a part of the later commits. Since we upstream the entire series as one it is fine.

Thanks & Regards
Sharan


On 2/4/19 3:36 PM, Yuri Volchkov wrote:
Some c++isms are keep because bigger pieces needed to be redone around
them.

Some code is just disabled with #if 0, as we will make use of it later

Signed-off-by: Yuri Volchkov <yuri.volchkov@xxxxxxxxx>
---
  lib/vfscore/fops.c                   |  91 +-----
  lib/vfscore/include/vfscore/dentry.h |  16 -
  lib/vfscore/include/vfscore/mount.h  |  26 --
  lib/vfscore/include/vfscore/prex.h   |   6 -
  lib/vfscore/include/vfscore/uio.h    |  26 --
  lib/vfscore/include/vfscore/vnode.h  |   4 -
  lib/vfscore/lookup.c                 |  51 ++-
  lib/vfscore/main.c                   | 469 +++------------------------
  lib/vfscore/mount.c                  |  47 +--
  lib/vfscore/syscalls.c               | 118 ++++---
  lib/vfscore/task.c                   |  17 -
  lib/vfscore/vfs.h                    |  23 --
  lib/vfscore/vnode.c                  |   3 +-
  13 files changed, 155 insertions(+), 742 deletions(-)

diff --git a/lib/vfscore/fops.c b/lib/vfscore/fops.c
index a94ca452..f1c161e7 100644
--- a/lib/vfscore/fops.c
+++ b/lib/vfscore/fops.c
@@ -42,14 +42,8 @@
  #include <osv/mmu.hh>
  #include <osv/pagecache.hh>
C++ header files?

-vfs_file::vfs_file(unsigned flags)
-       : file(flags, DTYPE_VNODE)
+int vfs_close(struct vfscore_file *fp)
  {
-}
-
-int vfs_file::close()
-{
-       auto fp = this;
        struct vnode *vp = fp->f_dentry->d_vnode;
        int error;
@@ -60,13 +54,14 @@ int vfs_file::close()
        if (error)
                return error;
- fp->f_dentry.reset();
+       /* Dentry stays forever in the dentry cache. Unless the
+        * file/directory it refers to gets deleted/renamed */
+       fp->f_dentry = NULL;
        return 0;
  }
-int vfs_file::read(struct uio *uio, int flags)
+int vfs_read(struct vfscore_file *fp, struct uio *uio, int flags)
  {
-       auto fp = this;
        struct vnode *vp = fp->f_dentry->d_vnode;
        int error;
        size_t count;
@@ -90,9 +85,8 @@ int vfs_file::read(struct uio *uio, int flags)
  }
-int vfs_file::write(struct uio *uio, int flags)
+int vfs_write(struct vfscore_file *fp, struct uio *uio, int flags)
  {
-       auto fp = this;
        struct vnode *vp = fp->f_dentry->d_vnode;
        int ioflags = 0;
        int error;
@@ -122,9 +116,8 @@ int vfs_file::write(struct uio *uio, int flags)
        return error;
  }
-int vfs_file::ioctl(u_long com, void *data)
+int vfs_ioctl(struct vfscore_file *fp, u_long com, void *data)
  {
-       auto fp = this;
        struct vnode *vp = fp->f_dentry->d_vnode;
        int error;
@@ -135,9 +128,8 @@ int vfs_file::ioctl(u_long com, void *data)
        return error;
  }
-int vfs_file::stat(struct stat *st)
+int vfs_stat(struct vfscore_file *fp, struct stat *st)
  {
-       auto fp = this;
        struct vnode *vp = fp->f_dentry->d_vnode;
        int error;
@@ -147,70 +139,3 @@ int vfs_file::stat(struct stat *st) return error;
  }
-
-int vfs_file::poll(int events)
-{
-       return poll_no_poll(events);
-}
-
-int vfs_file::truncate(off_t len)
-{
-       // somehow this is handled outside file ops
-       abort();
-}
-
-int vfs_file::chmod(mode_t mode)
-{
-       // somehow this is handled outside file ops
-       abort();
-}
-
-bool vfs_file::map_page(uintptr_t off, mmu::hw_ptep<0> ptep, 
mmu::pt_element<0> pte, bool write, bool shared)
-{
-       return pagecache::get(this, off, ptep, pte, write, shared);
-}
-
-bool vfs_file::put_page(void *addr, uintptr_t off, mmu::hw_ptep<0> ptep)
-{
-       return pagecache::release(this, addr, off, ptep);
-}
-
-void vfs_file::sync(off_t start, off_t end)
-{
-       pagecache::sync(this, start, end);
-}
-
-// Locking: VOP_CACHE will call into the filesystem, and that can trigger an
-// eviction that will hold the mmu-side lock that protects the mappings
-// Always follow that order. We however can't just get rid of the mmu-side 
lock,
-// because not all invalidations will be synchronous.
-int vfs_file::get_arcbuf(void* key, off_t offset)
-{
-       struct vnode *vp = f_dentry->d_vnode;
-
-       iovec io[1];
-
-       io[0].iov_base = key;
-       uio data;
-       data.uio_iov = io;
-       data.uio_iovcnt = 1;
-       data.uio_offset = offset;
-       data.uio_resid = mmu::page_size;
-       data.uio_rw = UIO_READ;
-
-       vn_lock(vp);
-       assert(VOP_CACHE(vp, this, &data) == 0);
-       vn_unlock(vp);
-
-       return (data.uio_resid != 0) ? -1 : 0;
-}
-
-std::unique_ptr<mmu::file_vma> vfs_file::mmap(addr_range range, unsigned 
flags, unsigned perm, off_t offset)
-{
-       auto fp = this;
-       struct vnode *vp = fp->f_dentry->d_vnode;
-       if (!vp->v_op->vop_cache || (vp->v_size < (off_t)mmu::page_size)) {
-               return mmu::default_file_mmap(this, range, flags, perm, offset);
-       }
-       return mmu::map_file_mmap(this, range, flags, perm, offset);
-}
diff --git a/lib/vfscore/include/vfscore/dentry.h 
b/lib/vfscore/include/vfscore/dentry.h
index 2d2eaa1b..9cfe8dac 100644
--- a/lib/vfscore/include/vfscore/dentry.h
+++ b/lib/vfscore/include/vfscore/dentry.h
@@ -54,20 +54,4 @@ struct dentry {
On the line above we have the following definition
LIST_HEAD(, dentry) d_children

        LIST_ENTRY(dentry) d_children_link;
  };
-#ifdef __cplusplus
-
-#include <boost/intrusive_ptr.hpp>
-
-using dentry_ref = boost::intrusive_ptr<dentry>;
-
-extern "C" {
-       void dref(struct dentry* dp);
-       void drele(struct dentry* dp);
-};
-
-inline void intrusive_ptr_add_ref(dentry* dp) { dref(dp); }
-inline void intrusive_ptr_release(dentry* dp) { drele(dp); }
-
-#endif
-
  #endif /* _OSV_DENTRY_H */
diff --git a/lib/vfscore/include/vfscore/mount.h 
b/lib/vfscore/include/vfscore/mount.h
index 0e78929f..b68d3c98 100644
--- a/lib/vfscore/include/vfscore/mount.h
+++ b/lib/vfscore/include/vfscore/mount.h
@@ -37,8 +37,6 @@
  #include <osv/vnode.h>
  #include <bsd/sys/sys/queue.h>
-__BEGIN_DECLS
-
  #ifdef _KERNEL
/*
@@ -144,28 +142,4 @@ void        vfs_unbusy(struct mount *mp);
void release_mp_dentries(struct mount *mp); -#endif
-
-__END_DECLS
-
-#ifdef __cplusplus
-
-#include <vector>
-#include <string>
-
-namespace osv {
-
-struct mount_desc {
-       std::string special;
-       std::string path;
-       std::string type;
-       std::string options;
-};
-
-std::vector<mount_desc> current_mounts();
-
-}
-
-#endif
-
  #endif        /* !_SYS_MOUNT_H_ */
diff --git a/lib/vfscore/include/vfscore/prex.h 
b/lib/vfscore/include/vfscore/prex.h
index 7b053319..6cbe3130 100644
--- a/lib/vfscore/include/vfscore/prex.h
+++ b/lib/vfscore/include/vfscore/prex.h
@@ -40,10 +40,6 @@
  #include <unistd.h>
  #include <osv/fcntl.h>
-__BEGIN_DECLS
-
-#define __packed        __attribute__((__packed__))
-
  #define       BSIZE   512             /* size of secondary block (bytes) */
#define DO_RDWR 0x2
@@ -57,6 +53,4 @@ size_t strlcpy(char *dst, const char *src, size_t siz);
void sys_panic(const char *); -__END_DECLS
-
  #endif /* _OSV_PREX_H */
diff --git a/lib/vfscore/include/vfscore/uio.h 
b/lib/vfscore/include/vfscore/uio.h
index 696b01cf..d7f7fce9 100644
--- a/lib/vfscore/include/vfscore/uio.h
+++ b/lib/vfscore/include/vfscore/uio.h
@@ -38,8 +38,6 @@
  #include <sys/uio.h>
  #include <limits.h>
-__BEGIN_DECLS
-
  enum  uio_rw { UIO_READ, UIO_WRITE };
/*
@@ -62,28 +60,4 @@ struct uio {
int uiomove(void *cp, int n, struct uio *uio); -__END_DECLS
-
-#ifdef __cplusplus
-
-template <typename F>
-static inline void linearize_uio_write(struct uio *uio, int ioflag, F f)
-{
-    while (uio->uio_resid > 0) {
-        struct iovec *iov = uio->uio_iov;
-
-        if (iov->iov_len) {
-            f(reinterpret_cast<const char *>(iov->iov_base),
-                iov->iov_len);
-        }
-
-        uio->uio_iov++;
-        uio->uio_iovcnt--;
-        uio->uio_resid -= iov->iov_len;
-        uio->uio_offset += iov->iov_len;
-    }
-}
-
-#endif
-
  #endif /* !_UIO_H_ */
diff --git a/lib/vfscore/include/vfscore/vnode.h 
b/lib/vfscore/include/vfscore/vnode.h
index 4874f1b9..d30a9411 100644
--- a/lib/vfscore/include/vfscore/vnode.h
+++ b/lib/vfscore/include/vfscore/vnode.h
@@ -43,8 +43,6 @@
  #include "file.h"
  #include "dirent.h"
-__BEGIN_DECLS
-
  struct vfsops;
  struct vnops;
  struct vnode;
@@ -242,8 +240,6 @@ static inline void vnode_pager_setsize(struct vnode *vp, 
off_t size)
        vp->v_size = size;
  }
-__END_DECLS
-
  #endif
#endif /* !_SYS_VNODE_H_ */
diff --git a/lib/vfscore/lookup.c b/lib/vfscore/lookup.c
index 0aa5ca3b..f7a38c4f 100644
--- a/lib/vfscore/lookup.c
+++ b/lib/vfscore/lookup.c
@@ -63,33 +63,31 @@ read_link(struct vnode *vp, char *buf, size_t bufsz, 
ssize_t *sz)
  int
  namei_follow_link(struct dentry *dp, char *node, char *name, char *fp, size_t 
mountpoint_len)
  {
-       std::unique_ptr<char []> link (new char[PATH_MAX]);
-       std::unique_ptr<char []> t (new char[PATH_MAX]);
-       char    *lp;
+       char link[PATH_MAX];
+       char t[PATH_MAX];
        int     error;
        ssize_t sz;
        char    *p;
        int     c;
- lp = link.get();
-       error = read_link(dp->d_vnode, lp, PATH_MAX, &sz);
+       error = read_link(dp->d_vnode, link, PATH_MAX, &sz);
        if (error != 0) {
                return (error);
        }
-       lp[sz] = 0;
+       link[sz] = 0;
p = fp + mountpoint_len + strlen(node);
        c = strlen(node) - strlen(name) - 1;
        node[c] = 0;
- if (lp[0] == '/') {
-               strlcat(lp, p, PATH_MAX);
-               strlcpy(fp, lp, PATH_MAX);
+       if (link[0] == '/') {
+               strlcat(link, p, PATH_MAX);
+               strlcpy(fp, link, PATH_MAX);
        } else {
-               strlcpy(t.get(), p, PATH_MAX);
+               strlcpy(t, p, PATH_MAX);
                strlcpy(node, fp, mountpoint_len + c + 1);
-               path_conv(node, lp, fp);
-               strlcat(fp, t.get(), PATH_MAX);
+               path_conv(node, link, fp);
+               strlcat(fp, t, PATH_MAX);
        }
        node[0] = 0;
        name[0] = 0;
@@ -107,8 +105,7 @@ namei(const char *path, struct dentry **dpp)
        char *p;
        char node[PATH_MAX];
        char name[PATH_MAX];
-       std::unique_ptr<char []> fp (new char [PATH_MAX]);
-       std::unique_ptr<char []> t (new char [PATH_MAX]);
+       char fp[PATH_MAX];
        struct mount *mp;
        struct dentry *dp, *ddp;
        struct vnode *dvp, *vp;
@@ -119,7 +116,7 @@ namei(const char *path, struct dentry **dpp)
        DPRINTF(VFSDB_VNODE, ("namei: path=%s\n", path));
links_followed = 0;
-       strlcpy(fp.get(), path, PATH_MAX);
+       strlcpy(fp, path, PATH_MAX);
do {
                need_continue = false;
@@ -127,10 +124,10 @@ namei(const char *path, struct dentry **dpp)
                 * Convert a full path name to its mount point and
                 * the local node in the file system.
                 */
-               if (vfs_findroot(fp.get(), &mp, &p)) {
+               if (vfs_findroot(fp, &mp, &p)) {
                        return ENOTDIR;
                }
-               int mountpoint_len = p - fp.get() - 1;
+               int mountpoint_len = p - fp - 1;
                strlcpy(node, "/", sizeof(node));
                strlcat(node, p, sizeof(node));
                dp = dentry_lookup(mp, node);
@@ -203,7 +200,7 @@ namei(const char *path, struct dentry **dpp)
                        ddp = dp;
if (dp->d_vnode->v_type == VLNK) {
-                               error = namei_follow_link(dp, node, name, 
fp.get(), mountpoint_len);
+                               error = namei_follow_link(dp, node, name, fp, 
mountpoint_len);
                                if (error) {
                                        drele(dp);
                                        return (error);
@@ -211,7 +208,7 @@ namei(const char *path, struct dentry **dpp)
drele(dp); - p = fp.get();
+                               p       = fp;
                                dp      = nullptr;
                                ddp     = nullptr;
                                vp      = nullptr;
@@ -254,7 +251,7 @@ namei_last_nofollow(char *path, struct dentry *ddp, struct 
dentry **dpp)
        struct dentry *dp;
        struct vnode  *dvp;
        struct vnode  *vp;
-       std::unique_ptr<char []> node (new char[PATH_MAX]);
+       char node[PATH_MAX];
dvp = nullptr; @@ -273,26 +270,26 @@ namei_last_nofollow(char *path, struct dentry *ddp, struct dentry **dpp)
                return (ENOTDIR);
        }
- strlcpy(node.get(), "/", PATH_MAX);
-       strlcat(node.get(), p, PATH_MAX);
+       strlcpy(node, "/", PATH_MAX);
+       strlcat(node, p, PATH_MAX);
// We want to treat things like /tmp/ the same as /tmp. Best way to do that
        // is to ignore the last character, except when we're stating the root.
-       auto l = strlen(node.get()) - 1;
-       if (l && node.get()[l] == '/') {
-               node.get()[l] = '\0';
+       int l = strlen(node) - 1;
+       if (l && node[l] == '/') {
+               node[l] = '\0';
        }
dvp = ddp->d_vnode;
        vn_lock(dvp);
-       dp = dentry_lookup(mp, node.get());
+       dp = dentry_lookup(mp, node);
        if (dp == nullptr) {
                error = VOP_LOOKUP(dvp, name, &vp);
                if (error != 0) {
                        goto out;
                }
- dp = dentry_alloc(ddp, vp, node.get());
+               dp = dentry_alloc(ddp, vp, node);
                vput(vp);
if (dp == nullptr) {
diff --git a/lib/vfscore/main.c b/lib/vfscore/main.c
index e3004597..74876dc1 100644
--- a/lib/vfscore/main.c
+++ b/lib/vfscore/main.c
There are some C++ header files?

@@ -77,18 +77,16 @@
  #include <api/utime.h>
  #include <chrono>
-using namespace std;
-
#ifdef DEBUG_VFS
  int   vfs_debug = VFSDB_FLAGS;
  #endif
-std::atomic<mode_t> global_umask{S_IWGRP | S_IWOTH};
+static mode_t global_umask = S_IWGRP | S_IWOTH;
static inline mode_t apply_umask(mode_t mode)
  {
-       return mode & ~global_umask.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
+       return mode & ~ukarch_load_n(&global_umask);
  }
TRACEPOINT(trace_vfs_open, "\"%s\" 0x%x 0%0o", const char*, int, mode_t);
@@ -97,7 +95,6 @@ TRACEPOINT(trace_vfs_open_err, "%d", int);
struct task *main_task; /* we only have a single process */ -extern "C"
  int open(const char *pathname, int flags, ...)
  {
        mode_t mode = 0;
@@ -178,8 +175,7 @@ int openat(int dirfd, const char *pathname, int flags, ...)
        struct vnode *vp = fp->f_dentry->d_vnode;
        vn_lock(vp);
- std::unique_ptr<char []> up (new char[PATH_MAX]);
-       char *p = up.get();
+       char p[PATH_MAX];
/* build absolute path */
        strlcpy(p, fp->f_dentry->d_mount->m_path, PATH_MAX);
@@ -196,26 +192,6 @@ int openat(int dirfd, const char *pathname, int flags, ...)
  }
  LFS64(openat);
-// open() has an optional third argument, "mode", which is only needed in
-// some cases (when the O_CREAT mode is used). As a safety feature, recent
-// versions of Glibc add a feature where open() with two arguments is replaced
-// by a call to __open_2(), which verifies it isn't called with O_CREATE.
-extern "C" int __open_2(const char *pathname, int flags)
-{
-       assert(!(flags & O_CREAT));
-       return open(pathname, flags, 0);
-}
-
-extern "C" int __open64_2(const char *file, int flags)
-{
-       if (flags & O_CREAT) {
-               errno = EINVAL;
-               return -1;
-       }
-
-       return open64(file, flags);
-}
-
  int creat(const char *pathname, mode_t mode)
  {
        return open(pathname, O_CREAT|O_WRONLY|O_TRUNC, mode);
@@ -249,7 +225,6 @@ TRACEPOINT(trace_vfs_mknod_ret, "");
  TRACEPOINT(trace_vfs_mknod_err, "%d", int);
-extern "C"
  int __xmknod(int ver, const char *pathname, mode_t mode, dev_t *dev)
  {
        assert(ver == 0); // On x86-64 Linux, _MKNOD_VER_LINUX is 0.
@@ -543,7 +518,6 @@ TRACEPOINT(trace_vfs_fstat, "%d %p", int, struct stat*);
  TRACEPOINT(trace_vfs_fstat_ret, "");
  TRACEPOINT(trace_vfs_fstat_err, "%d", int);
-extern "C"
  int __fxstat(int ver, int fd, struct stat *st)
  {
        struct file *fp;
@@ -571,7 +545,6 @@ int __fxstat(int ver, int fd, struct stat *st)
LFS64(__fxstat); -extern "C"
  int fstat(int fd, struct stat *st)
  {
        return __fxstat(1, fd, st);
@@ -579,7 +552,6 @@ int fstat(int fd, struct stat *st)
LFS64(fstat); -extern "C"
  int __fxstatat(int ver, int dirfd, const char *pathname, struct stat *st,
                int flags)
  {
@@ -606,8 +578,7 @@ int __fxstatat(int ver, int dirfd, const char *pathname, 
struct stat *st,
        struct vnode *vp = fp->f_dentry->d_vnode;
        vn_lock(vp);
- std::unique_ptr<char []> up (new char[PATH_MAX]);
-       char *p = up.get();
+       char p[PATH_MAX];
        /* build absolute path */
        strlcpy(p, fp->f_dentry->d_mount->m_path, PATH_MAX);
        strlcat(p, fp->f_dentry->d_path, PATH_MAX);
@@ -624,7 +595,6 @@ int __fxstatat(int ver, int dirfd, const char *pathname, 
struct stat *st,
LFS64(__fxstatat); -extern "C"
  int fstatat(int dirfd, const char *path, struct stat *st, int flags)
  {
        return __fxstatat(1, dirfd, path, st, flags);
@@ -632,7 +602,7 @@ int fstatat(int dirfd, const char *path, struct stat *st, 
int flags)
LFS64(fstatat); -extern "C" int flock(int fd, int operation)
+int flock(int fd, int operation)
  {
        if (!fileref_from_fd(fd)) {
                return libc_error(EBADF);
@@ -663,14 +633,14 @@ struct __dirstream
DIR *opendir(const char *path)
  {
-       DIR *dir = new DIR;
+       DIR *dir = malloc(sizeof(*dir));
if (!dir)
-               return libc_error_ptr<DIR>(ENOMEM);
+               return ERR2PTR(-ENOMEM);
dir->fd = open(path, O_RDONLY);
        if (dir->fd < 0) {
-               delete dir;
+               free(dir);
                return nullptr;
        }
        return dir;
@@ -687,7 +657,11 @@ DIR *fdopendir(int fd)
                errno = ENOTDIR;
                return nullptr;
        }
-       dir = new DIR;
+       dir = malloc(sizeof(*dir));
+       if (!dir) {
+               errno = ENOMEM;
+               return NULL;
+       }
        dir->fd = fd;
        return dir;
@@ -705,7 +679,7 @@ int dirfd(DIR *dirp)
  int closedir(DIR *dir)
  {
        close(dir->fd);
-       delete dir;
+       free(dir);
        return 0;
  }
@@ -716,7 +690,7 @@ struct dirent *readdir(DIR *dir) ret = readdir_r(dir, &entry, &result);
        if (ret)
-               return libc_error_ptr<struct dirent>(ret);
+               return ERR2PTR(-ret);
errno = 0;
        return result;
@@ -753,18 +727,18 @@ int readdir_r(DIR *dir, struct dirent *entry, struct 
dirent **result)
// FIXME: in 64bit dirent64 and dirent are identical, so it's safe to alias
  #undef readdir64_r
-extern "C" int readdir64_r(DIR *dir, struct dirent64 *entry,
+int readdir64_r(DIR *dir, struct dirent64 *entry,
                struct dirent64 **result)
                __attribute__((alias("readdir_r")));
#undef readdir64
-extern "C" struct dirent *readdir64(DIR *dir) 
__attribute__((alias("readdir")));
+struct dirent *readdir64(DIR *dir) __attribute__((alias("readdir")));
void rewinddir(DIR *dirp)
  {
        struct file *fp;
- auto error = fget(dirp->fd, &fp);
+       int error = fget(dirp->fd, &fp);
        if (error) {
                // POSIX specifies that what rewinddir() does in the case of 
error
                // is undefined...
@@ -936,23 +910,21 @@ TRACEPOINT(trace_vfs_chdir, "\"%s\"", const char*);
  TRACEPOINT(trace_vfs_chdir_ret, "");
  TRACEPOINT(trace_vfs_chdir_err, "%d", int);
-static int replace_cwd(struct task *t, struct file *new_cwdfp,
-                                          std::function<int (void)> chdir_func)
+static int
+__do_fchdir(struct vfscore_file *fp, struct task *t)
  {
        struct file *old = nullptr;
- if (!t) {
-               return 0;
-       }
+       UK_ASSERT(t);
if (t->t_cwdfp) {
                old = t->t_cwdfp;
        }
/* Do the actual chdir operation here */
-       int error = chdir_func();
+       int error = sys_fchdir(fp, t->t_cwd);
- t->t_cwdfp = new_cwdfp;
+       t->t_cwdfp = fp;
        if (old) {
                fdrop(old);
        }
@@ -981,7 +953,11 @@ int chdir(const char *pathname)
                goto out_errno;
        }
- replace_cwd(t, fp, [&]() { strlcpy(t->t_cwd, path, sizeof(t->t_cwd)); return 0; });
+       error = __do_fchdir(fp, t);
+       if (error) {
+               fdrop(fp);
+               goto out_errno;
+       }
trace_vfs_chdir_ret();
        return 0;
@@ -1006,7 +982,7 @@ int fchdir(int fd)
        if (error)
                goto out_errno;
- error = replace_cwd(t, fp, [&]() { return sys_fchdir(fp, t->t_cwd); });
+       error = __do_fchdir(fp, t);
        if (error) {
                fdrop(fp);
                goto out_errno;
@@ -1114,7 +1090,6 @@ TRACEPOINT(trace_vfs_stat, "\"%s\" %p", const char*, 
struct stat*);
  TRACEPOINT(trace_vfs_stat_ret, "");
  TRACEPOINT(trace_vfs_stat_err, "%d", int);
-extern "C"
  int __xstat(int ver, const char *pathname, struct stat *st)
  {
        struct task *t = main_task;
@@ -1151,7 +1126,6 @@ LFS64(stat);
  TRACEPOINT(trace_vfs_lstat, "pathname=%s, stat=%p", const char*, struct 
stat*);
  TRACEPOINT(trace_vfs_lstat_ret, "");
  TRACEPOINT(trace_vfs_lstat_err, "errno=%d", int);
-extern "C"
  int __lxstat(int ver, const char *pathname, struct stat *st)
  {
        struct task *t = main_task;
@@ -1191,7 +1165,6 @@ TRACEPOINT(trace_vfs_statfs, "\"%s\" %p", const char*, 
struct statfs*);
  TRACEPOINT(trace_vfs_statfs_ret, "");
  TRACEPOINT(trace_vfs_statfs_err, "%d", int);
-extern "C"
  int __statfs(const char *pathname, struct statfs *buf)
  {
        trace_vfs_statfs(pathname, buf);
@@ -1221,7 +1194,6 @@ TRACEPOINT(trace_vfs_fstatfs, "\"%s\" %p", int, struct 
statfs*);
  TRACEPOINT(trace_vfs_fstatfs_ret, "");
  TRACEPOINT(trace_vfs_fstatfs_err, "%d", int);
-extern "C"
  int __fstatfs(int fd, struct statfs *buf)
  {
        struct file *fp;
@@ -1424,11 +1396,11 @@ int dup2(int oldfd, int newfd)
   */
  #define SETFL (O_APPEND | O_ASYNC | O_DIRECT | O_NOATIME | O_NONBLOCK)
+#if 0
  TRACEPOINT(trace_vfs_fcntl, "%d %d 0x%x", int, int, int);
  TRACEPOINT(trace_vfs_fcntl_ret, "\"%s\"", int);
  TRACEPOINT(trace_vfs_fcntl_err, "%d", int);
-extern "C"
  int fcntl(int fd, int cmd, int arg)
  {
        struct file *fp;
@@ -1509,6 +1481,7 @@ int fcntl(int fd, int cmd, int arg)
        errno = error;
        return -1;
  }
+#endif
TRACEPOINT(trace_vfs_access, "\"%s\" 0%0o", const char*, int);
  TRACEPOINT(trace_vfs_access_ret, "");
@@ -1564,8 +1537,7 @@ int faccessat(int dirfd, const char *pathname, int mode, 
int flags)
        struct vnode *vp = fp->f_dentry->d_vnode;
        vn_lock(vp);
- std::unique_ptr<char []> up (new char[PATH_MAX]);
-       char *p = up.get();
+       char p[PATH_MAX];
/* build absolute path */
        strlcpy(p, fp->f_dentry->d_mount->m_path, PATH_MAX);
@@ -1581,7 +1553,6 @@ int faccessat(int dirfd, const char *pathname, int mode, 
int flags)
        return error;
  }
-extern "C"
  int euidaccess(const char *pathname, int mode)
  {
        return access(pathname, mode);
@@ -1590,54 +1561,6 @@ int euidaccess(const char *pathname, int mode)
  weak_alias(euidaccess,eaccess);
#if 0
-static int
-fs_pipe(struct task *t, struct msg *msg)
-{
-#ifdef CONFIG_FIFOFS
-       char path[PATH_MAX];
-       file_t rfp, wfp;
-       int error, rfd, wfd;
-
-       DPRINTF(VFSDB_CORE, ("fs_pipe\n"));
-
-       if ((rfd = task_newfd(t)) == -1)
-               return EMFILE;
-       t->t_ofile[rfd] = (file_t)1; /* temp */
-
-       if ((wfd = task_newfd(t)) == -1) {
-               t->t_ofile[rfd] = nullptr;
-               return EMFILE;
-       }
-       sprintf(path, "/mnt/fifo/pipe-%x-%d", (u_int)t->t_taskid, rfd);
-
-       if ((error = sys_mknod(path, S_IFIFO)) != 0)
-               goto out;
-       if ((error = sys_open(path, O_RDONLY | O_NONBLOCK, 0, &rfp)) != 0) {
-               goto out;
-       }
-       if ((error = sys_open(path, O_WRONLY | O_NONBLOCK, 0, &wfp)) != 0) {
-               goto out;
-       }
-       t->t_ofile[rfd] = rfp;
-       t->t_ofile[wfd] = wfp;
-       t->t_nopens += 2;
-       msg->data[0] = rfd;
-       msg->data[1] = wfd;
-       return 0;
-       out:
-       t->t_ofile[rfd] = nullptr;
-       t->t_ofile[wfd] = nullptr;
-       return error;
-#else
-       return ENOSYS;
-#endif
-}
-#endif
-
-TRACEPOINT(trace_vfs_isatty, "%d", int);
-TRACEPOINT(trace_vfs_isatty_ret, "%d", int);
-TRACEPOINT(trace_vfs_isatty_err, "%d", int);
-
  /*
   * Return if specified file is a tty
   */
@@ -1663,6 +1586,7 @@ int isatty(int fd)
        trace_vfs_isatty_ret(istty);
        return istty;
  }
+#endif
TRACEPOINT(trace_vfs_truncate, "\"%s\" 0x%x", const char*, off_t);
  TRACEPOINT(trace_vfs_truncate_ret, "");
@@ -1784,15 +1708,7 @@ int fallocate(int fd, int mode, loff_t offset, loff_t 
len)
LFS64(fallocate); -TRACEPOINT(trace_vfs_utimes, "\"%s\"", const char*);
-TRACEPOINT(trace_vfs_utimes_ret, "");
-TRACEPOINT(trace_vfs_utimes_err, "%d", int);
-
-int futimes(int fd, const struct timeval times[2])
-{
-       return futimesat(fd, nullptr, times);
-}
-
+#if 0
  int futimesat(int dirfd, const char *pathname, const struct timeval times[2])
  {
        struct stat st;
@@ -1850,12 +1766,12 @@ TRACEPOINT(trace_vfs_utimensat, "\"%s\"", const char*);
  TRACEPOINT(trace_vfs_utimensat_ret, "");
  TRACEPOINT(trace_vfs_utimensat_err, "%d", int);
-extern "C"
  int utimensat(int dirfd, const char *pathname, const struct timespec 
times[2], int flags)
  {
        trace_vfs_utimensat(pathname);
auto error = sys_utimensat(dirfd, pathname, times, flags);
+
        if (error) {
                trace_vfs_utimensat_err(error);
                errno = error;
@@ -1870,12 +1786,11 @@ TRACEPOINT(trace_vfs_futimens, "%d", int);
  TRACEPOINT(trace_vfs_futimens_ret, "");
  TRACEPOINT(trace_vfs_futimens_err, "%d", int);
-extern "C"
  int futimens(int fd, const struct timespec times[2])
  {
        trace_vfs_futimens(fd);
- auto error = sys_futimens(fd, times);
+       int error = sys_futimens(fd, times);
        if (error) {
                trace_vfs_futimens_err(error);
                errno = error;
@@ -1910,19 +1825,16 @@ static int do_utimes(const char *pathname, const struct 
timeval times[2], int fl
        return 0;
  }
-extern "C"
  int utimes(const char *pathname, const struct timeval times[2])
  {
        return do_utimes(pathname, times, 0);
  }
-extern "C"
  int lutimes(const char *pathname, const struct timeval times[2])
  {
        return do_utimes(pathname, times, AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW);
  }
-extern "C"
  int utime(const char *pathname, const struct utimbuf *t)
  {
        using namespace std::chrono;
@@ -1941,6 +1853,7 @@ int utime(const char *pathname, const struct utimbuf *t)
return utimes(pathname, times);
  }
+#endif
TRACEPOINT(trace_vfs_chmod, "\"%s\" 0%0o", const char*, mode_t);
  TRACEPOINT(trace_vfs_chmod_ret, "");
@@ -1973,7 +1886,7 @@ TRACEPOINT(trace_vfs_fchmod_ret, "");
  int fchmod(int fd, mode_t mode)
  {
        trace_vfs_fchmod(fd, mode);
-       auto error = sys_fchmod(fd, mode & ALLPERMS);
+       int error = sys_fchmod(fd, mode & ALLPERMS);
        trace_vfs_fchmod_ret();
        if (error) {
                errno = error;
@@ -2007,6 +1920,7 @@ int lchown(const char *path, uid_t owner, gid_t group)
  }
+#if 0
  ssize_t sendfile(int out_fd, int in_fd, off_t *_offset, size_t count)
  {
        struct file *in_fp;
@@ -2070,7 +1984,7 @@ ssize_t sendfile(int out_fd, int in_fd, off_t *_offset, 
size_t count)
                return -1;
        }
- auto ret = write(out_fd, src + (offset % PAGESIZE), count);
+       int ret = write(out_fd, src + (offset % PAGESIZE), count);
if (ret < 0) {
                return libc_error(errno);
@@ -2087,12 +2001,13 @@ ssize_t sendfile(int out_fd, int in_fd, off_t *_offset, 
size_t count)
#undef sendfile64
  LFS64(sendfile);
+#endif
NO_SYS(int fchmodat(int dirfd, const char *pathname, mode_t mode, int flags)); mode_t umask(mode_t newmask)
  {
-       return global_umask.exchange(newmask, std::memory_order_relaxed);
+       return ukarch_exchange_n(&global_umask, newmask);
  }
int
@@ -2107,303 +2022,3 @@ int chroot(const char *path)
        errno = ENOSYS;
        return -1;
  }
-
-// unpack_bootfs() unpacks a collection of files stored as part of the OSv
-// executable (in memory location "bootfs_start") into the file system,
-// normally the in-memory filesystem ramfs.
-// The files are packed in the executable in an ad-hoc format defined here.
-// Code in scripts/mkbootfs.py packs files into this format.
-#define BOOTFS_PATH_MAX 111
-enum class bootfs_file_type : char { other = 0, symlink = 1 };
-struct bootfs_metadata {
-       uint64_t size;
-       uint64_t offset;
-       // The file's type. Can be "symlink" or "other". A directory is an 
"other"
-       // file with its name ending with a "/" (and no content).
-       bootfs_file_type type;
-       // name must end with a null. For symlink files, the content must end
-       // with a null as well.
-       char name[BOOTFS_PATH_MAX];
-};
-
-extern char bootfs_start;
-
-int ramfs_set_file_data(struct vnode *vp, const void *data, size_t size);
-void unpack_bootfs(void)
-{
-       struct bootfs_metadata *md = (struct bootfs_metadata *)&bootfs_start;
-       int fd, i;
-
-       for (i = 0; md[i].name[0]; i++) {
-               int ret;
-               char *p;
-
-               // mkdir() directories needed for this path name, as necessary
-               char tmp[BOOTFS_PATH_MAX];
-               strlcpy(tmp, md[i].name, BOOTFS_PATH_MAX);
-               for (p = tmp; *p; ++p) {
-                       if (*p == '/') {
-                               *p = '\0';
-                               mkdir(tmp, 0666);  // silently ignore errors 
and existing dirs
-                               *p = '/';
-                       }
-               }
-
-               if (md[i].type == bootfs_file_type::symlink) {
-                       // This is a symbolic link record. The file's content 
is the
-                       // target path, and we assume ends with a null.
-                       if (symlink(&bootfs_start + md[i].offset, md[i].name) 
!= 0) {
-                               kprintf("couldn't symlink %s: %d\n", 
md[i].name, errno);
-                               sys_panic("unpack_bootfs failed");
-                       }
-                       continue;
-               }
-               if (*(p-1) == '/' && md[i].size == 0) {
-                       // This is directory record. Nothing else to do
-                       continue;
-               }
-
-               fd = creat(md[i].name, 0666);
-               if (fd < 0) {
-                       kprintf("couldn't create %s: %d\n",
-                                       md[i].name, errno);
-                       sys_panic("unpack_bootfs failed");
-               }
-
-               struct file *fp;
-               int error = fget(fd, &fp);
-               if (error) {
-                       kprintf("couldn't fget %s: %d\n",
-                                       md[i].name, error);
-                       sys_panic("unpack_bootfs failed");
-               }
-
-               struct vnode *vp = fp->f_dentry->d_vnode;
-               ret = ramfs_set_file_data(vp, &bootfs_start + md[i].offset, 
md[i].size);
-               if (ret) {
-                       kprintf("ramfs_set_file_data failed, ret = %d\n", ret);
-                       sys_panic("unpack_bootfs failed");
-               }
-
-               fdrop(fp);
-               close(fd);
-       }
-}
-
-void mount_rootfs(void)
-{
-       int ret;
-
-       ret = sys_mount("", "/", "ramfs", 0, nullptr);
-       if (ret)
-               kprintf("failed to mount rootfs, error = %s\n", strerror(ret));
-
-       if (mkdir("/dev", 0755) < 0)
-               kprintf("failed to create /dev, error = %s\n", strerror(errno));
-
-       ret = sys_mount("", "/dev", "devfs", 0, nullptr);
-       if (ret)
-               kprintf("failed to mount devfs, error = %s\n", strerror(ret));
-}
-
-extern "C"
-int nmount(struct iovec *iov, unsigned niov, int flags)
-{
-       struct args {
-               char* fstype = nullptr;
-               char* fspath = nullptr;
-               char* from = nullptr;
-       };
-       static unordered_map<string, char* args::*> argmap {
-               { "fstype", &args::fstype },
-               { "fspath", &args::fspath },
-               { "from", &args::from },
-       };
-       args a;
-       for (size_t i = 0; i < niov; i += 2) {
-               std::string s(static_cast<const char*>(iov[i].iov_base));
-               if (argmap.count(s)) {
-                       a.*(argmap[s]) = static_cast<char*>(iov[i+1].iov_base);
-               }
-       }
-       return sys_mount(a.from, a.fspath, a.fstype, flags, nullptr);
-}
-
-static void import_extra_zfs_pools(void)
-{
-       struct stat st;
-       int ret;
-
-       // The file '/etc/mnttab' is a LibZFS requirement and will not
-       // exist during cpiod phase. The functionality provided by this
-       // function isn't needed during that phase, so let's skip it.
-       if (stat("/etc/mnttab" , &st) != 0) {
-               return;
-       }
-
-       // Import extra pools mounting datasets there contained.
-       // Datasets from osv pool will not be mounted here.
-       if (access("zpool.so", X_OK) != 0) {
-               return;
-       }
-       vector<string> zpool_args = {"zpool", "import", "-f", "-a" };
-       auto ok = osv::run("zpool.so", zpool_args, &ret);
-       assert(ok);
-
-       if (!ret) {
-               debug("zfs: extra ZFS pool(s) found.\n");
-       }
-}
-
-void pivot_rootfs(const char* path)
-{
-       int ret = sys_pivot_root(path, "/");
-       if (ret)
-               kprintf("failed to pivot root, error = %s\n", strerror(ret));
-
-       auto ent = setmntent("/etc/fstab", "r");
-       if (!ent) {
-               return;
-       }
-
-       struct mntent *m = nullptr;
-       while ((m = getmntent(ent)) != nullptr) {
-               if (!strcmp(m->mnt_dir, "/")) {
-                       continue;
-               }
-
-               if ((m->mnt_opts != nullptr) && strcmp(m->mnt_opts, 
MNTOPT_DEFAULTS)) {
-                       printf("Warning: opts %s, ignored for fs %s\n", 
m->mnt_opts, m->mnt_type);
-               }
-
-               // FIXME: Right now, ignoring mntops. In the future we may have 
an option parser
-               ret = sys_mount(m->mnt_fsname, m->mnt_dir, m->mnt_type, 0, 
nullptr);
-               if (ret) {
-                       printf("failed to mount %s, error = %s\n", m->mnt_type, 
strerror(ret));
-               }
-       }
-       endmntent(ent);
-}
-
-extern "C" void unmount_devfs()
-{
-       int ret = sys_umount("/dev");
-       if (ret)
-               kprintf("failed to unmount /dev, error = %s\n", strerror(ret));
-}
-
-extern "C" int mount_rofs_rootfs(bool pivot_root)
-{
-       int ret;
-
-       if (mkdir("/rofs", 0755) < 0)
-               kprintf("failed to create /rofs, error = %s\n", 
strerror(errno));
-
-       ret = sys_mount("/dev/vblk0.1", "/rofs", "rofs", MNT_RDONLY, 0);
-
-       if (ret) {
-               kprintf("failed to mount /rofs, error = %s\n", strerror(ret));
-               rmdir("/rofs");
-               return ret;
-       }
-
-       if (pivot_root) {
-               pivot_rootfs("/rofs");
-       }
-
-       return 0;
-}
-
-extern "C" void mount_zfs_rootfs(bool pivot_root)
-{
-       if (mkdir("/zfs", 0755) < 0)
-               kprintf("failed to create /zfs, error = %s\n", strerror(errno));
-
-       int ret = sys_mount("/dev/vblk0.1", "/zfs", "zfs", 0, (void 
*)"osv/zfs");
-
-       if (ret)
-               kprintf("failed to mount /zfs, error = %s\n", strerror(ret));
-
-       if (!pivot_root) {
-               return;
-       }
-
-       pivot_rootfs("/zfs");
-
-       import_extra_zfs_pools();
-}
-
-extern "C" void unmount_rootfs(void)
-{
-       int ret;
-
-       sys_umount("/dev");
-
-       ret = sys_umount("/proc");
-       if (ret) {
-               kprintf("Warning: unmount_rootfs: failed to unmount /proc, "
-                       "error = %s\n", strerror(ret));
-       }
-
-       ret = sys_umount2("/", MNT_FORCE);
-       if (ret) {
-               kprintf("Warning: unmount_rootfs: failed to unmount /, "
-                       "error = %s\n", strerror(ret));
-       }
-}
-
-extern "C" void bio_init(void);
-extern "C" void bio_sync(void);
-
-int vfs_initialized;
-
-extern "C"
-void
-vfs_init(void)
-{
-       const struct vfssw *fs;
-
-       bio_init();
-       lookup_init();
-       vnode_init();
-       task_alloc(&main_task);
-
-       /*
-        * Initialize each file system.
-        */
-       for (fs = vfssw; fs->vs_name; fs++) {
-               if (fs->vs_init) {
-                       DPRINTF(VFSDB_CORE, ("VFS: initializing %s\n",
-                                       fs->vs_name));
-                       fs->vs_init();
-               }
-       }
-
-       mount_rootfs();
-       unpack_bootfs();
-
-       //      if (open("/dev/console", O_RDWR, 0) != 0)
-       if (console::open() != 0)
-               kprintf("failed to open console, error = %d\n", errno);
-       if (dup(0) != 1)
-               kprintf("failed to dup console (1)\n");
-       if (dup(0) != 2)
-               kprintf("failed to dup console (2)\n");
-       vfs_initialized = 1;
-}
-
-void vfs_exit(void)
-{
-       /* Free up main_task (stores cwd data) resources */
-       replace_cwd(main_task, nullptr, []() { return 0; });
-       /* Unmount all file systems */
-       unmount_rootfs();
-       /* Finish with the bio layer */
-       bio_sync();
-}
-
-void sys_panic(const char *str)
-{
-       abort("panic: %s", str);
-}
-
diff --git a/lib/vfscore/mount.c b/lib/vfscore/mount.c
index 76e2e70c..10c27fad 100644
--- a/lib/vfscore/mount.c
+++ b/lib/vfscore/mount.c
There are some C++ header files

We are using the std::list?

@@ -83,17 +83,6 @@ fs_getfs(const char *name)
        return fs;
  }
-const char*
-fs_getfsname(vfsops* ops)
-{
-       for (auto fs = vfssw; fs->vs_name; fs++) {
-               if (fs->vs_op == ops) {
-                       return fs->vs_name;
-               }
-       }
-       abort();
-}
-
  int
  sys_mount(const char *dev, const char *dir, const char *fsname, int flags, 
const void *data)
  {
@@ -141,7 +130,8 @@ sys_mount(const char *dev, const char *dir, const char 
*fsname, int flags, const
        /*
         * Create VFS mount entry.
         */
-       if (!(mp = new mount)) {
+       mp = malloc(sizeof(struct mount));
+       if (!mp) {
                error = ENOMEM;
                goto err1;
        }
@@ -214,7 +204,7 @@ sys_mount(const char *dev, const char *dir, const char 
*fsname, int flags, const
        if (dp_covered)
                drele(dp_covered);
   err2:
-       delete mp;
+       free(mp);
   err1:
        if (device)
                device_close(device);

At line 240, there are c++ syntax for list iteration

@@ -281,7 +271,7 @@ found:
if (mp->m_dev)
                device_close(mp->m_dev);
-       delete mp;
+       free(mp);
   out:
        return error;
  }

At line 290, there are some list iteration operation.
@@ -292,6 +282,7 @@ sys_umount(const char *path)
        return sys_umount2(path, 0);
  }
+#if 0
  int
  sys_pivot_root(const char *new_root, const char *put_old)
  {
@@ -339,6 +330,7 @@ sys_pivot_root(const char *new_root, const char *put_old)
        }
        return 0;
  }
+#endif
int
  sys_sync(void)

At line 340, there are some list iteration operation.
@@ -450,33 +442,6 @@ vfs_einval(void)
        return EINVAL;
  }

At line 452, there are some list iteration operations.
-namespace osv {
-
-mount_desc to_mount_desc(mount* m)
-{
-       mount_desc ret;
-       ret.special = m->m_special;
-       ret.path = m->m_path;
-       ret.type = fs_getfsname(m->m_op);
-       // FIXME: record options
-       ret.options = "";
-       return ret;
-}
-
-std::vector<mount_desc>
-current_mounts()
-{
-       WITH_LOCK(mount_lock) {
-               std::vector<mount_desc> ret;
-               for (auto&& mp : mount_list) {
-                       ret.push_back(to_mount_desc(mp));
-               }
-               return ret;
-       }
-}
-
-}
-
  #ifdef DEBUG_VFS
  void
  mount_dump(void)
diff --git a/lib/vfscore/syscalls.c b/lib/vfscore/syscalls.c
index 29b14220..4e55337f 100644
--- a/lib/vfscore/syscalls.c
+++ b/lib/vfscore/syscalls.c
@@ -195,17 +195,17 @@ sys_open(char *path, int flags, mode_t mode, struct file 
**fpp)
                        goto out_vn_unlock;
        }
- try {
-           fileref f = make_file<vfs_file>(flags);
-           fp = f.get();
-           fhold(fp);
-       } catch (int err) {
-           error = err;
+       fp = calloc(sizeof(struct vfscore_file), 1);
+       fhold(fp);
+       if (!fp) {
+           error = ENOMEM;
            goto out_vn_unlock;
        }
+       fp->f_flags = flags;
+
        // change to std::move once dp is a dentry_ref
-       fp->f_dentry = dentry_ref(dp, false);
-       dp = nullptr;
+       fp->f_dentry = dp;
+       dp = NULL;
error = VOP_OPEN(vp, fp);
        if (error) {
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ sys_open(char *path, int flags, mode_t mode, struct file 
**fpp)
                // Note direct delete of fp instead of fdrop(fp). fp was never
                // returned so cannot be in use, and because it wasn't opened
                // it cannot be close()ed.
-               delete fp;
+               free(fp);
                return error;
        }
        vn_unlock(vp);
@@ -241,11 +241,14 @@ int
  sys_read(struct file *fp, const struct iovec *iov, size_t niov,
                off_t offset, size_t *count)
  {
+       int error = 0;
+       struct iovec *copy_iov;
        if ((fp->f_flags & FREAD) == 0)
                return EBADF;
size_t bytes = 0;
-       auto iovp = iov;
+       const struct iovec *iovp = iov;
+
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < niov; i++) {
                if (iovp->iov_len > IOSIZE_MAX - bytes) {
                        return EINVAL;
@@ -260,16 +263,27 @@ sys_read(struct file *fp, const struct iovec *iov, size_t 
niov,
        }
struct uio uio;
-       // Unfortunately, the current implementation of fp->read zeros the
-       // iov_len fields when it reads from disk, so we have to copy iov.
-       std::vector<iovec> copy_iov(iov, iov + niov);
-       uio.uio_iov = copy_iov.data();
+       /* TODO: is it necessary to copy iov within Unikraft?
+        * OSv did this, mentioning this reason:
+        *
+        * "Unfortunately, the current implementation of fp->read
+        *  zeros the iov_len fields when it reads from disk, so we
+        *  have to copy iov. "
+        */
+       copy_iov = calloc(sizeof(struct iovec), niov);
+       if (!copy_iov)
+               return ENOMEM;
+       memcpy(copy_iov, iov, sizeof(struct iovec)*niov);
+
+       uio.uio_iov = copy_iov;
        uio.uio_iovcnt = niov;
        uio.uio_offset = offset;
        uio.uio_resid = bytes;
        uio.uio_rw = UIO_READ;
-       auto error = fp->read(&uio, (offset == -1) ? 0 : FOF_OFFSET);
+       error = vfs_read(fp, &uio, (offset == -1) ? 0 : FOF_OFFSET);
        *count = bytes - uio.uio_resid;
+
+       free(copy_iov);
        return error;
  }
@@ -277,11 +291,13 @@ int
  sys_write(struct file *fp, const struct iovec *iov, size_t niov,
                off_t offset, size_t *count)
  {
+       struct iovec *copy_iov;
+       int error = 0;
        if ((fp->f_flags & FWRITE) == 0)
                return EBADF;
size_t bytes = 0;
-       auto iovp = iov;
+       const struct iovec *iovp = iov;
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < niov; i++) {
                if (iovp->iov_len > IOSIZE_MAX - bytes) {
                        return EINVAL;
@@ -296,15 +312,24 @@ sys_write(struct file *fp, const struct iovec *iov, 
size_t niov,
        }
struct uio uio;
-       // Unfortunately, the current implementation of fp->write zeros the
-       // iov_len fields when it writes to disk, so we have to copy iov.
-       std::vector<iovec> copy_iov(iov, iov + niov);
-       uio.uio_iov = copy_iov.data();
+
+       /* TODO: same note as in sys_read. Original comment:
+        *
+        * "Unfortunately, the current implementation of fp->write zeros the
+        *  iov_len fields when it writes to disk, so we have to copy iov.
+        */
+       /* std::vector<iovec> copy_iov(iov, iov + niov); */
+       copy_iov = calloc(sizeof(struct iovec), niov);
+       if (!copy_iov)
+               return ENOMEM;
+       memcpy(copy_iov, iov, sizeof(struct iovec)*niov);
+
+       uio.uio_iov = copy_iov;
        uio.uio_iovcnt = niov;
        uio.uio_offset = offset;
        uio.uio_resid = bytes;
        uio.uio_rw = UIO_WRITE;
-       auto error = fp->write(&uio, (offset == -1) ? 0 : FOF_OFFSET);
+       vfs_write(fp, &uio, (offset == -1) ? 0 : FOF_OFFSET);
        *count = bytes - uio.uio_resid;
        return error;
  }
@@ -355,7 +380,7 @@ sys_ioctl(struct file *fp, u_long request, void *buf)
        if ((fp->f_flags & (FREAD | FWRITE)) == 0)
                return EBADF;
- error = fp->ioctl(request, buf);
+       error = vfs_ioctl(fp, request, buf);
DPRINTF(VFSDB_SYSCALL, ("sys_ioctl: comp error=%d\n", error));
        return error;
@@ -386,7 +411,7 @@ sys_fstat(struct file *fp, struct stat *st)
DPRINTF(VFSDB_SYSCALL, ("sys_fstat: fp=%x\n", fp)); - error = fp->stat(st);
+       error = vfs_stat(fp, st);
return error;
  }
@@ -815,10 +840,8 @@ sys_symlink(const char *oldpath, const char *newpath)
  {
        struct task     *t = main_task;
        int             error;
-       std::unique_ptr<char []> up_op (new char[PATH_MAX]);
-       char            *op = up_op.get();
-       std::unique_ptr<char []> up_np (new char[PATH_MAX]);
-       char            *np = up_np.get();
+       char            op[PATH_MAX];
+       char            np[PATH_MAX];
        struct dentry   *newdp;
        struct dentry   *newdirdp;
        char            *name;
@@ -1032,17 +1055,17 @@ sys_access(char *path, int mode)
  int
  sys_stat(char *path, struct stat *st)
  {
+       struct dentry *dp;
+       int error;
+
        DPRINTF(VFSDB_SYSCALL, ("sys_stat: path=%s\n", path));
- try {
-               dentry_ref dp = namei(path);
-               if (!dp) {
-                       return ENOENT;
-               }
-               return vn_stat(dp->d_vnode, st);
-       } catch (error e) {
-               return e.get();
-       }
+       error = namei(path, &dp);
+       if (error)
+               return error;
+       error = vn_stat(dp->d_vnode, st);
+       drele(dp);
+       return error;
  }
int sys_lstat(char *path, struct stat *st)
@@ -1074,16 +1097,19 @@ int sys_lstat(char *path, struct stat *st)
  int
  sys_statfs(char *path, struct statfs *buf)
  {
+       struct dentry *dp;
+       int error;
+
        memset(buf, 0, sizeof(*buf));
-       try {
-               dentry_ref dp = namei(path);
-               if (!dp) {
-                       return ENOENT;
-               }
-               return VFS_STATFS(dp->d_mount, buf);
-       } catch (error e) {
-               return e.get();
-       }
+
+       error = namei(path, &dp);
+       if (error)
+               return error;
+
+       error = VFS_STATFS(dp->d_mount, buf);
+       drele(dp);
+
+       return error;
  }
int
@@ -1212,6 +1238,7 @@ sys_readlink(char *path, char *buf, size_t bufsize, 
ssize_t *size)
        return (0);
  }
+#if 0
  /*
   * Check the validity of the members of a struct timeval.
   */
At line 1333 & line 1356 there are std::strings?

@@ -1396,6 +1423,7 @@ sys_futimens(int fd, const struct timespec times[2])
        auto error = sys_utimensat(AT_FDCWD, pathname.c_str(), times, 0);
        return error;
  }
+#endif
int
  sys_fallocate(struct file *fp, int mode, loff_t offset, loff_t len)
diff --git a/lib/vfscore/task.c b/lib/vfscore/task.c
index 2d34f0df..4ceb123b 100644
--- a/lib/vfscore/task.c
+++ b/lib/vfscore/task.c
@@ -44,23 +44,6 @@
  #include <osv/prex.h>
  #include "vfs.h"
-/*
- * Allocate new task.
- */
-int
-task_alloc(struct task **pt)
-{
-       struct task *t;
-
-       // FIXME: where do we free task ?
-       if (!(t = new task))
-               return ENOMEM;
-       memset(t, 0, sizeof(struct task));
-       strlcpy(t->t_cwd, "/", sizeof(t->t_cwd));
-
-       *pt = t;
-       return 0;
-}
/*
   * Convert to full path from the cwd of task and path.
diff --git a/lib/vfscore/vfs.h b/lib/vfscore/vfs.h
index c130517d..cd940979 100644
--- a/lib/vfscore/vfs.h
+++ b/lib/vfscore/vfs.h
@@ -89,7 +89,6 @@ struct task {
extern const struct vfssw vfssw[]; -__BEGIN_DECLS
  int    sys_open(char *path, int flags, mode_t mode, struct file **fp);
  int    sys_read(struct file *fp, const struct iovec *iov, size_t niov,
                off_t offset, size_t *count);
@@ -167,26 +166,4 @@ void        vnode_dump(void);
  void   mount_dump(void);
  #endif
-__END_DECLS
-
-#ifdef __cplusplus
-
-// Convert a path to a dentry_ref.  Returns an empty
-// reference if not found (ENOENT) for efficiency, throws
-// an error on other errors.
-inline dentry_ref namei(char* path)
-{
-       dentry* dp;
-       auto err = namei(path, &dp);
-       if (err == ENOENT) {
-               return dentry_ref();
-       } else if (err) {
-               throw make_error(err);
-       } else {
-               return dentry_ref(dp, false);
-       }
-}
-
-#endif
-
  #endif /* !_VFS_H */
diff --git a/lib/vfscore/vnode.c b/lib/vfscore/vnode.c
index 3412c6fb..f564577f 100644
--- a/lib/vfscore/vnode.c
+++ b/lib/vfscore/vnode.c
@@ -187,7 +187,8 @@ vget(struct mount *mp, uint64_t ino, struct vnode **vpp)
                return 1;
        }
- if (!(vp = new vnode())) {
+       vp = malloc(sizeof(*vp));
+       if (!vp) {
                VNODE_UNLOCK();
                return 0;
        }



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