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[Date Prev][Date Next][Thread Prev][Thread Next][Date Index][Thread Index] [Xen-devel] [DOC v6] PV Calls protocol design
Hi all,
This is the design document of the PV Calls protocol. You can find
prototypes of the Linux frontend and backend drivers here:
git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/sstabellini/xen.git pvcalls-6
To use them, make sure to enable CONFIG_XEN_PVCALLS in your kernel
config and add "pvcalls=1" to the command line of your DomU Linux
kernel. You also need the toolstack to create the initial xenstore nodes
for the protocol. To do that, please apply the attached patch to libxl
(the patch is based on Xen 4.7.0-rc3) and add "pvcalls=1" to your DomU
config file.
In this version I added a "reuse" field to the release command, to give
an hint to the backend that data ring pages and evtchn will be reused.
The backend is free to unmap them immediately as usual or keep them
mapped until they get reused (or until it decides it is time to free
them). Thanks to this optimization pv calls can handle more requests per
second than Docker with apachebench in my test environment.
I also added a "networking-calls" backend node on xenstore to allow the
backend to specify that is supporting networking calls. In a future when
other POSIX syscall sets are supported, a backend could decide to
implement only one set.
Please review!
Cheers,
Stefano
Changes in v6:
- add reuse field in release command
- add "networking-calls" backend node on xenstore
- fixed tab/whitespace indentation
Changes in v5:
- clarify text
- rename id to req_id
- rename sockid to id
- move id to request and response specific fields
- add version node to xenstore
Changes in v4:
- rename xensock to pvcalls
Changes in v3:
- add a dummy element to struct xen_xensock_request to make sure the
size of the struct is the same on both x86_32 and x86_64
Changes in v2:
- add max-dataring-page-order
- add "Publish backend features and transport parameters" to backend
xenbus workflow
- update new cmd values
- update xen_xensock_request
- add backlog parameter to listen and binary layout
- add description of new data ring format (interface+data)
- modify connect and accept to reflect new data ring format
- add link to POSIX docs
- add error numbers
- add address format section and relevant numeric definitions
- add explicit mention of unimplemented commands
- add protocol node name
- add xenbus shutdown diagram
- add socket operation
---
# PV Calls Protocol version 1
## Rationale
PV Calls is a paravirtualized protocol that allows the implementation of
a set of POSIX functions in a different domain. The PV Calls frontend
sends POSIX function calls to the backend, which implements them and
returns a value to the frontend.
This version of the document covers networking function calls, such as
connect, accept, bind, release, listen, poll, recvmsg and sendmsg; but
the protocol is meant to be easily extended to cover different sets of
calls. Unimplemented commands return ENOTSUPP.
PV Calls provide the following benefits:
* full visibility of the guest behavior on the backend domain, allowing
for inexpensive filtering and manipulation of any guest calls
* excellent performance
Specifically, PV Calls for networking offer these advantages:
* guest networking works out of the box with VPNs, wireless networks and
any other complex configurations on the host
* guest services listen on ports bound directly to the backend domain IP
addresses
* localhost becomes a secure namespace for inter-VMs communications
## Design
### Xenstore
The frontend and the backend connect to each other exchanging information via
xenstore. The toolstack creates front and back nodes with state
XenbusStateInitialising. The protocol node name is **pvcalls**. There can only
be one PV Calls frontend per domain.
#### Frontend XenBus Nodes
port
Values: <uint32_t>
The identifier of the Xen event channel used to signal activity
in the ring buffer.
ring-ref
Values: <uint32_t>
The Xen grant reference granting permission for the backend to map
the sole page in a single page sized ring buffer.
#### Backend XenBus Nodes
version
Values: <uint32_t>
Protocol version supported by the backend.
max-dataring-page-order
Values: <uint32_t>
The maximum supported size of the data ring in units of lb(machine
pages). (e.g. 0 == 1 page, 1 = 2 pages, 2 == 4 pages, etc.).
networking-calls
Values: <uint32_t>
Value "1" means that the backend support networking calls.
Value "0" means that it does not.
#### State Machine
Initialization:
*Front* *Back*
XenbusStateInitialising XenbusStateInitialising
- Query virtual device - Query backend device
properties. identification data.
- Setup OS device instance. - Publish backend features
- Allocate and initialize the and transport parameters
request ring. |
- Publish transport parameters |
that will be in effect during V
this connection. XenbusStateInitWait
|
|
V
XenbusStateInitialised
- Query frontend transport parameters.
- Connect to the request ring and
event channel.
|
|
V
XenbusStateConnected
- Query backend device properties.
- Finalize OS virtual device
instance.
|
|
V
XenbusStateConnected
Once frontend and backend are connected, they have a shared page, which
will is used to exchange messages over a ring, and an event channel,
which is used to send notifications.
Shutdown:
*Front* *Back*
XenbusStateConnected XenbusStateConnected
|
|
V
XenbusStateClosing
- Unmap grants
- Unbind evtchns
|
|
V
XenbusStateClosing
- Unbind evtchns
- Free rings
- Free data structures
|
|
V
XenbusStateClosed
- Free remaining data structures
|
|
V
XenbusStateClosed
### Commands Ring
The shared ring is used by the frontend to forward POSIX function calls to the
backend. I'll refer to this ring as **commands ring** to distinguish it from
other rings which can be created later in the lifecycle of the protocol (data
rings). The ring format is defined using the familiar `DEFINE_RING_TYPES` macro
(`xen/include/public/io/ring.h`). Frontend requests are allocated on the ring
using the `RING_GET_REQUEST` macro.
The format is defined as follows:
#define PVCALLS_SOCKET 0
#define PVCALLS_CONNECT 1
#define PVCALLS_RELEASE 2
#define PVCALLS_BIND 3
#define PVCALLS_LISTEN 4
#define PVCALLS_ACCEPT 5
#define PVCALLS_POLL 6
struct xen_pvcalls_request {
uint32_t req_id; /* private to guest, echoed in response */
uint32_t cmd; /* command to execute */
union {
struct xen_pvcalls_socket {
uint64_t id;
uint32_t domain;
uint32_t type;
uint32_t protocol;
} socket;
struct xen_pvcalls_connect {
uint64_t id;
uint8_t addr[28];
uint32_t len;
uint32_t flags;
grant_ref_t ref;
uint32_t evtchn;
} connect;
struct xen_pvcalls_release {
uint64_t id;
uint8_t reuse;
} release;
struct xen_pvcalls_bind {
uint64_t id;
uint8_t addr[28];
uint32_t len;
} bind;
struct xen_pvcalls_listen {
uint64_t id;
uint32_t backlog;
} listen;
struct xen_pvcalls_accept {
uint64_t id;
uint64_t id_new;
grant_ref_t ref;
uint32_t evtchn;
} accept;
struct xen_pvcalls_poll {
uint64_t id;
} poll;
/* dummy member to force sizeof(struct xen_pvcalls_request) to
match across archs */
struct xen_pvcalls_dummy {
uint8_t dummy[56];
} dummy;
} u;
};
The first two fields are common for every command. Their binary layout
is:
0 4 8
+-------+-------+
|req_id | cmd |
+-------+-------+
- **req_id** is generated by the frontend and identifies one specific request
- **cmd** is the command requested by the frontend:
- `PVCALLS_SOCKET`: 0
- `PVCALLS_CONNECT`: 1
- `PVCALLS_RELEASE`: 2
- `PVCALLS_BIND`: 3
- `PVCALLS_LISTEN`: 4
- `PVCALLS_ACCEPT`: 5
- `PVCALLS_POLL`: 6
Both fields are echoed back by the backend.
As for the other Xen ring based protocols, after writing a request to the ring,
the frontend calls `RING_PUSH_REQUESTS_AND_CHECK_NOTIFY` and issues an event
channel notification when a notification is required.
Backend responses are allocated on the ring using the `RING_GET_RESPONSE` macro.
The format is the following:
struct xen_pvcalls_response {
uint32_t req_id;
uint32_t cmd;
int32_t ret;
uint32_t pad;
union {
struct _xen_pvcalls_socket {
uint64_t id;
} socket;
struct _xen_pvcalls_connect {
uint64_t id;
} connect;
struct _xen_pvcalls_release {
uint64_t id;
} release;
struct _xen_pvcalls_bind {
uint64_t id;
} bind;
struct _xen_pvcalls_listen {
uint64_t id;
} listen;
struct _xen_pvcalls_accept {
uint64_t id;
} accept;
struct _xen_pvcalls_poll {
uint64_t id;
} poll;
struct _xen_pvcalls_dummy {
uint8_t dummy[8];
} dummy;
} u;
};
The first four fields are common for every response. Their binary layout
is:
0 4 8 12 16
+-------+-------+-------+-------+
|req_id | cmd | ret | pad |
+-------+-------+-------+-------+
- **req_id**: echoed back from request
- **cmd**: echoed back from request
- **ret**: return value, identifies success (0) or failure (see error numbers
below). If the **cmd** is not supported by the backend, ret is ENOTSUPP.
- **pad**: padding
After calling `RING_PUSH_RESPONSES_AND_CHECK_NOTIFY`, the backend checks whether
it needs to notify the frontend and does so via event channel.
A description of each command, their additional request and response
fields follow.
#### Socket
The **socket** operation corresponds to the POSIX [socket][socket]
function. It creates a new socket of the specified family, type and
protocol. **id** is freely chosen by the frontend and references this
specific socket from this point forward. See "Socket families and
address format" below.
Request fields:
- **cmd** value: 0
- additional fields:
- **id**: generated by the frontend, it identifies the new socket
- **domain**: the communication domain
- **type**: the socket type
- **protocol**: the particular protocol to be used with the socket, usually 0
Request binary layout:
8 12 16 20 24 28
+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| id |domain | type |protoco|
+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
Response additional fields:
- **id**: echoed back from request
Response binary layout:
16 20 24
+-------+--------+
| id |
+-------+--------+
Return value:
- 0 on success
- See the [POSIX socket function][connect] for error names; the corresponding
error numbers are specified later in this document.
#### Connect
The **connect** operation corresponds to the POSIX [connect][connect]
function. It connects a previously created socket (identified by **id**)
to the specified address.
The connect operation creates a new shared ring, which we'll call **data
ring**. The data ring is used to send and receive data from the socket.
The connect operation passes two additional parameters which are
utilized to setup the new ring: **evtchn** and **ref**. **evtchn** is the
port number of a new event channel which will be used for notifications
of activity on the data ring. **ref** is the grant reference of a page
which contains shared pointers to write and read data from the data ring
and the full array of grant references for the ring buffers. It will be
described in more detailed later. The data ring is unmapped and freed upon
issuing a **release** command on the active socket identified by **id**.
When the frontend issues a **connect** command, the backend:
- finds its own internal socket corresponding to **id**
- connects the socket to **addr**
- maps the grant reference **ref**, the shared page contains the data
ring interface (`struct pvcalls_data_intf`)
- maps all the grant references listed in `struct pvcalls_data_intf` and
uses them as shared memory for the ring buffers
- bind the **evtchn**
- replies to the frontend
The data ring format will be described in the following section.
Request fields:
- **cmd** value: 0
- additional fields:
- **id**: identifies the socket
- **addr**: address to connect to, see the address format section for more
information
- **len**: address length
- **flags**: flags for the connection, reserved for future usage
- **ref**: grant reference of the page containing `struct
pvcalls_data_intf`
- **evtchn**: port number of the evtchn to signal activity on the data ring
Request binary layout:
8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44
+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| id | addr |
+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| len | flags | ref |evtchn |
+-------+-------+-------+-------+
Response additional fields:
- **id**: echoed back from request
Response binary layout:
16 20 24
+-------+-------+
| id |
+-------+-------+
Return value:
- 0 on success
- See the [POSIX connect function][connect] for error names; the corresponding
error numbers are specified later in this document.
#### Release
The **release** operation closes an existing active or a passive socket.
When a release command is issued on a passive socket, the backend
releases it and frees its internal mappings. When a release command is
issued for an active socket, the data ring is also unmapped and freed:
- frontend sends release command for an active socket
- backend releases the socket
- backend unmaps the data ring buffers
- backend unmaps the data ring interface
- backend unbinds the evtchn
- backend replies to frontend
- frontend frees ring and unbinds evtchn
Request fields:
- **cmd** value: 1
- additional fields:
- **id**: identifies the socket
- **reuse**: an optimization hint for the backend. The field is
ignored for passive sockets. When set to 1, the frontend let the
backend know that it will reuse exactly the same set of grant pages
(interface and data ring) and evtchn when creating one of the next
active sockets. The backend can take advantage of it by delaying
unmapping grants and unbinding the evtchn. The backend is free to
ignore the hint.
Request binary layout:
8 12 16 17
+-------+-------+-----+
| id |reuse|
+-------+-------+-----+
Response additional fields:
- **id**: echoed back from request
Response binary layout:
16 20 24
+-------+-------+
| id |
+-------+-------+
Return value:
- 0 on success
- See the [POSIX shutdown function][shutdown] for error names; the
corresponding error numbers are specified later in this document.
#### Bind
The **bind** operation corresponds to the POSIX [bind][bind] function.
It assigns the address passed as parameter to a previously created
socket, identified by **id**. **Bind**, **listen** and **accept** are
the three operations required to have fully working passive sockets and
should be issued in this order.
Request fields:
- **cmd** value: 2
- additional fields:
- **id**: identifies the socket
- **addr**: address to connect to, see the address format section for more
information
- **len**: address length
Request binary layout:
8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44
+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| id | addr |
+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| len |
+-------+
Response additional fields:
- **id**: echoed back from request
Response binary layout:
16 20 24
+-------+-------+
| id |
+-------+-------+
Return value:
- 0 on success
- See the [POSIX bind function][bind] for error names; the corresponding error
numbers are specified later in this document.
#### Listen
The **listen** operation marks the socket as a passive socket. It corresponds to
the [POSIX listen function][listen].
Reuqest fields:
- **cmd** value: 3
- additional fields:
- **id**: identifies the socket
- **backlog**: the maximum length to which the queue of pending
connections may grow
Request binary layout:
8 12 16 20
+-------+-------+-------+
| id |backlog|
+-------+-------+-------+
Response additional fields:
- **id**: echoed back from request
Response binary layout:
16 20 24
+-------+-------+
| id |
+-------+-------+
Return value:
- 0 on success
- See the [POSIX listen function][listen] for error names; the corresponding
error numbers are specified later in this document.
#### Accept
The **accept** operation extracts the first connection request on the
queue of pending connections for the listening socket identified by
**id** and creates a new connected socket. The id of the new socket is
also chosen by the frontend and passed as an additional field of the
accept request struct (**id_new**). See the [POSIX accept function][accept]
as reference.
Similarly to the **connect** operation, **accept** creates a new data ring.
Information necessary to setup the new ring, such the grant table reference of
the page containing the data ring interface (`struct pvcalls_data_intf`) and
event channel port, are passed from the frontend to the backend as part of the
request.
The backend will reply to the request only when a new connection is successfully
accepted, i.e. the backend does not return EAGAIN or EWOULDBLOCK.
Example workflow:
- frontend issues an **accept** request
- backend waits for a connection to be available on the socket
- a new connection becomes available
- backend accepts the new connection
- backend creates an internal mapping from **id_new** to the new socket
- backend maps the grant reference **ref**, the shared page contains the
data ring interface (`struct pvcalls_data_intf`)
- backend maps all the grant references listed in `struct
pvcalls_data_intf` and uses them as shared memory for the new data
ring
- backend binds the **evtchn**
- backend replies to the frontend
Request fields:
- **cmd** value: 4
- additional fields:
- **id**: id of listening socket
- **id_new**: id of the new socket
- **ref**: grant reference of the data ring interface (`struct
pvcalls_data_intf`)
- **evtchn**: port number of the evtchn to signal activity on the data ring
Request binary layout:
8 12 16 20 24 28 32
+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| id | id_new | ref |evtchn |
+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
Response additional fields:
- **id**: id of the listening socket, echoed back from request
Response binary layout:
16 20 24
+-------+-------+
| id |
+-------+-------+
Return value:
- 0 on success
- See the [POSIX accept function][accept] for error names; the corresponding
error numbers are specified later in this document.
#### Poll
In this version of the protocol, the **poll** operation is only valid
for passive sockets. For active sockets, the frontend should look at the
state of the data ring. When a new connection is available in the queue
of the passive socket, the backend generates a response and notifies the
frontend.
Request fields:
- **cmd** value: 5
- additional fields:
- **id**: identifies the listening socket
Request binary layout:
8 12 16
+-------+-------+
| id |
+-------+-------+
Response additional fields:
- **id**: echoed back from request
Response binary layout:
16 20 24
+--------+--------+
| id |
+--------+--------+
Return value:
- 0 on success
- See the [POSIX poll function][poll] for error names; the corresponding error
numbers are specified later in this document.
#### Error numbers
The numbers corresponding to the error names specified by POSIX are:
[EPERM] -1
[ENOENT] -2
[ESRCH] -3
[EINTR] -4
[EIO] -5
[ENXIO] -6
[E2BIG] -7
[ENOEXEC] -8
[EBADF] -9
[ECHILD] -10
[EAGAIN] -11
[EWOULDBLOCK] -11
[ENOMEM] -12
[EACCES] -13
[EFAULT] -14
[EBUSY] -16
[EEXIST] -17
[EXDEV] -18
[ENODEV] -19
[EISDIR] -21
[EINVAL] -22
[ENFILE] -23
[EMFILE] -24
[ENOSPC] -28
[EROFS] -30
[EMLINK] -31
[EDOM] -33
[ERANGE] -34
[EDEADLK] -35
[EDEADLOCK] -35
[ENAMETOOLONG] -36
[ENOLCK] -37
[ENOTEMPTY] -39
[ENOSYS] -38
[ENODATA] -61
[ETIME] -62
[EBADMSG] -74
[EOVERFLOW] -75
[EILSEQ] -84
[ERESTART] -85
[ENOTSOCK] -88
[EOPNOTSUPP] -95
[EAFNOSUPPORT] -97
[EADDRINUSE] -98
[EADDRNOTAVAIL] -99
[ENOBUFS] -105
[EISCONN] -106
[ENOTCONN] -107
[ETIMEDOUT] -110
[ENOTSUPP] -524
#### Socket families and address format
The following definitions and explicit sizes, together with POSIX
[sys/socket.h][address] and [netinet/in.h][in] define socket families and
address format. Please be aware that only the **domain** `AF_INET`, **type**
`SOCK_STREAM` and **protocol** `0` are supported by this version of the
spec, others return ENOTSUPP.
#define AF_UNSPEC 0
#define AF_UNIX 1 /* Unix domain sockets */
#define AF_LOCAL 1 /* POSIX name for AF_UNIX */
#define AF_INET 2 /* Internet IP Protocol */
#define AF_INET6 10 /* IP version 6 */
#define SOCK_STREAM 1
#define SOCK_DGRAM 2
#define SOCK_RAW 3
/* generic address format */
struct sockaddr {
uint16_t sa_family_t;
char sa_data[26];
};
struct in_addr {
uint32_t s_addr;
};
/* AF_INET address format */
struct sockaddr_in {
uint16_t sa_family_t;
uint16_t sin_port;
struct in_addr sin_addr;
char sin_zero[20];
};
### Data ring
Data rings are used for sending and receiving data over a connected socket. They
are created upon a successful **accept** or **connect** command.
A data ring is composed of two pieces: the interface and the **in** and **out**
buffers. The interface, represented by `struct pvcalls_ring_intf` is shared
first and resides on the page whose grant reference is passed by **accept** and
**connect** as parameter. `struct pvcalls_ring_intf` contains the list of grant
references which constitute the **in** and **out** data buffers.
#### Data ring interface
struct pvcalls_data_intf {
PVCALLS_RING_IDX in_cons, in_prod;
PVCALLS_RING_IDX out_cons, out_prod;
int32_t in_error, out_error;
uint32_t ring_order;
grant_ref_t ref[];
};
/* not actually C compliant (ring_order changes from socket to socket) */
struct pvcalls_data {
char in[((1<<ring_order)<<PAGE_SHIFT)/2];
char out[((1<<ring_order)<<PAGE_SHIFT)/2];
};
- **ring_order**
It represents the order of the data ring. The following list of grant
references is of `(1 << ring_order)` elements. It cannot be greater than
**max-dataring-page-order**, as specified by the backend on XenBus.
- **ref[]**
The list of grant references which will contain the actual data. They are
mapped contiguosly in virtual memory. The first half of the pages is the
**in** array, the second half is the **out** array.
- **in** is an array used as circular buffer
It contains data read from the socket. The producer is the backend, the
consumer is the frontend.
- **out** is an array used as circular buffer
It contains data to be written to the socket. The producer is the frontend,
the consumer is the backend.
- **in_cons** and **in_prod**
Consumer and producer pointers for data read from the socket. They keep track
of how much data has already been consumed by the frontend from the **in**
array. **in_prod** is increased by the backend, after writing data to **in**.
**in_cons** is increased by the frontend, after reading data from **in**.
- **out_cons**, **out_prod**
Consumer and producer pointers for the data to be written to the socket. They
keep track of how much data has been written by the frontend to **out** and
how much data has already been consumed by the backend. **out_prod** is
increased by the frontend, after writing data to **out**. **out_cons** is
increased by the backend, after reading data from **out**.
- **in_error** and **out_error** They signal errors when reading from the socket
(**in_error**) or when writing to the socket (**out_error**). 0 means no
errors. When an error occurs, no further reads or writes operations are
performed on the socket. In the case of an orderly socket shutdown (i.e. read
returns 0) **in_error** is set to ENOTCONN. **in_error** and **out_error**
are never set to EAGAIN or EWOULDBLOCK.
The binary layout of `struct pvcalls_data_intf` follows:
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+----------+
| in_cons | in_prod |out_cons |out_prod |in_error |out_error|ring_order|
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+----------+
28 32 36 40 4092 4096
+---------+---------+---------+----//---+---------+
| ref[0] | ref[1] | ref[2] | | ref[N] |
+---------+---------+---------+----//---+---------+
The binary layout of the ring buffers follow:
0 ((1<<ring_order)<<PAGE_SHIFT)/2
((1<<ring_order)<<PAGE_SHIFT)
+------------//-------------+------------//-------------+
| in | out |
+------------//-------------+------------//-------------+
#### Workflow
The **in** and **out** arrays are used as circular buffers:
0 sizeof(array) ==
((1<<ring_order)<<PAGE_SHIFT)/2
+-----------------------------------+
|to consume| free |to consume |
+-----------------------------------+
^ ^
prod cons
0 sizeof(array)
+-----------------------------------+
| free | to consume | free |
+-----------------------------------+
^ ^
cons prod
The following function is provided to calculate how many bytes are currently
left unconsumed in an array:
#define _MASK_PVCALLS_IDX(idx, ring_size) ((idx) & (ring_size-1))
static inline PVCALLS_RING_IDX pvcalls_ring_queued(PVCALLS_RING_IDX prod,
PVCALLS_RING_IDX cons,
PVCALLS_RING_IDX ring_size)
{
PVCALLS_RING_IDX size;
if (prod == cons)
return 0;
prod = _MASK_PVCALLS_IDX(prod, ring_size);
cons = _MASK_PVCALLS_IDX(cons, ring_size);
if (prod == cons)
return ring_size;
if (prod > cons)
size = prod - cons;
else {
size = ring_size - cons;
size += prod;
}
return size;
}
The producer (the backend for **in**, the frontend for **out**) writes to the
array in the following way:
- read *cons*, *prod*, *error* from shared memory
- memory barrier
- return on *error*
- write to array at position *prod* up to *cons*, wrapping around the circular
buffer when necessary
- memory barrier
- increase *prod*
- notify the other end via evtchn
The consumer (the backend for **out**, the frontend for **in**) reads from the
array in the following way:
- read *prod*, *cons*, *error* from shared memory
- memory barrier
- return on *error*
- read from array at position *cons* up to *prod*, wrapping around the circular
buffer when necessary
- memory barrier
- increase *cons*
- notify the other end via evtchn
The producer takes care of writing only as many bytes as available in the buffer
up to *cons*. The consumer takes care of reading only as many bytes as available
in the buffer up to *prod*. *error* is set by the backend when an error occurs
writing or reading from the socket.
[address]: http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/7908799/xns/syssocket.h.html
[in]: http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/000095399/basedefs/netinet/in.h.html
[socket]: http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/socket.html
[connect]: http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/7908799/xns/connect.html
[shutdown]: http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/7908799/xns/shutdown.html
[bind]: http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/7908799/xns/bind.html
[listen]: http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/7908799/xns/listen.html
[accept]: http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/7908799/xns/accept.html
[poll]: http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/7908799/xsh/poll.htmlAttachment:
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